how does the body cause disease

Question 1

infection

Answer 1

invasion and multiplication of microbes in the hosts tissue that leads to cellular injury

Question 2

colonisation

Answer 2

microbes living in a habitat without causing infection

Question 3

local infection

Answer 3

confined to a small area of the body near the site of entry e.g. hair follicle

Question 4

focal infection

Answer 4

a pathogen spreads to a secondary location e.g. getting access to the blood system

Question 5

systemic infection

Answer 5

pathogen is disseminated throughout the body

Question 6

pathogen

Answer 6

a MO that can cause disease

Question 7

pathogenicity

Answer 7

ability of an organism to cause disease

Question 8

virulence

Answer 8

degree of disease caused by an organism

Question 9

virulence factors

Answer 9

molecules produced by the organs that add to their effectiveness in replicating within the host

Question 10

ID50

Answer 10

number of MO required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals

Question 11

how to pathogens get into the body

Answer 11

oral
droplet
direct
sexual
trans-placental 
direct skin contact

Question 12

What is a biofilm

Answer 12

found on medical devices

bacteria in stationary phase so can resist antibodies

Question 13

Strep throat used the adhesion protein “Protein F” and attaches to respiratory epithelial cells. What pathogen is it caused by?

Answer 13

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 14

What is a exotoxin

Answer 14

released when microbe is alive and target specific receptors

Question 15

what is an endotoxin

Answer 15

integral part o the bacterial cell wall and released only ig the microbe is destroyed

Question 16

Clostridium botulinum toxin in an exotoxin that does what

Answer 16

inhibits the release of acetylcholine from neurones causing placid paralysis.
low doses treatment for chronic migraine

Question 17

toxic shock syndrome how is it caused causing what

Answer 17

caught from used tampons and blooding - super antigens , septic shock

Question 18

what do super antigens stimulate

Answer 18

T cells non specifically without normal antigen recognition

Question 19

Lipid A is an endotoxin that does what?

Answer 19

gram negative bacteria a causing cytokine storm severe drop in BP and multi organ failure

Question 20

Invading exoenzymes have specified targets. what is an example of this

Answer 20

staphylococcus and streptococcus produce hyaluronidase that degrades hyaluronic acid which opens the cell junctions between cells

Question 21

How do MO cause disease ?4

Answer 21

rapid reproduction of MO
direct cellular damage - enzymes
toxin specific environments - neurotoxins and endotoxin
damage caused by immune response

Question 22

How does the capsule help the pathogen to survive in the host

Answer 22

masks immunogenic antigens
imparis completment pathway
impairs opsonisation
reduces phagocytosis

Question 23

What antibody protect mucosal surfaces?

Answer 23

IgA

Question 24

What bacteria produces protease enzymes that break down IgA

Answer 24

Streptococcus

Question 25

TB mycobacterium tuberculosis replicate and prevent where and how

Answer 25

in the alveolar air sacs so it can survive phagocytosis and prevent fusion of lysosome and phagosome

Question 26

The super antigen streptococcus pyrogens causes what problems.

Answer 26

Upper respiratory infection usually precede nephritis