World English Flashcards
Why is English spreading?
- It was the language of the British Empire
- It is the language of international science and business
- It is the most used language on the internet
What does “to airdash” mean in India?
To take a plane in an emergency
What does “the chicken business” mean in Singapore?
Prostitution
Who did the Three Circles Model?
Braj Kachru
What does “treadies” mean in South Africa?
Trainers
In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had first language speakers such as the UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand?
The Inner Circle
In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had second language speakers such as Singapore?
The Outer Circle
In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had speakers that used English as a lingua Franca, such as China and Russia?
The Expanding Circle
What do countries in the Inner Circle act as?
Norm-providers
What do countries in the Outer Circle act as?
Norm-developing
What do countries in the Expanding Circle act as?
Norm-dependent
Give one example of a British English Spelling used in Canada
Colour
Give one example of an American English spelling used in Canada
Realize
What are examples of distinctly Canadian lexis?
Washroom = public toilet
Lineup = queue
In Canadian English, what type of word is “yiz”?
A second person plural pronoun
What type of timing is British English?
Stress-timed
What type of timing is Indian English?
Syllable timed
If an Indian English speaker pronounced “what” as “vat”, what is this called?
v-w merging
What does “achaa” mean in Indian English?
Good
What does “yaar” mean in Indian English?
Friend
What do Indian English speakers often use instead of simple present tense?
The Progressive Aspect
What are the four characteristics of English as a Lingua Franca?
- Omission of Third Person Singular Present tense “s” inflection
- Omission of articles
- Omission of plural “s”
- Use of “no” as a tag question
Who did the Circle of World English
McArthur
What three groups did McArthur divide English into?
- World Standard English
- Regional and National Standards
- Non-Standard Varieties
According to McArthur, what is World Standard English?
Written international English, therefore universally understood
According to McArthur, what is Regional and National Standards?
Differ between territories. In each area the standards of English are different. Some varieties are in the process of standardising
According to McArthur, what are Non-Standard Varieties?
Sub-varieties such as aboriginal English and black English
Who did the Dynamic Model?
Edgar Schneider
What five stages are in Schneider’s Dynamic Model?
- Foundation
- Exonormative Stabilisation
- Nativisation
- Endonormative Stabilisation
- Differentiation
According to Schneider, what happens during the foundation stage?
English is brought to a new territory by a powerful group. Some lexical borrowings by both groups to aid simple communication.
According to Schneider, what happens during the Exonormative Stage?
The elite used Standard English for prestige purposes. Powerful indigenous individuals use standard English as native language
According to Schneider, what happens during the Nativisation stage?
The influence of Britain weakens. Bilingual speakers develop their own variety of English
According to Schneider, what happens during the Endonormative stage?
The new territory gains independence. The new regional form of English become “codified” and used for prestige purposes
According to Schneider, what happens during the Differentiation Stage?
The new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory. The new variety begins to divide and split into new regional dialects or social varieties
Who argues that the global spread of English is causing other languages to die out?
Phillipson
Who argues that English will continue to spread as the global lingua franca?
Crystal
Who argues that English is breaking up into many different languages?
McArthur
What does McArthur call the different languages derived from English?
The Anglic Language Family
Who argues that, as British and American influence declines, another language will eventually replace it as the global language?
Ostler
