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English Own > World English > Flashcards

World English Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Why is English spreading?

A
  1. It was the language of the British Empire
  2. It is the language of international science and business
  3. It is the most used language on the internet
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2
Q

What does “to airdash” mean in India?

A

To take a plane in an emergency

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3
Q

What does “the chicken business” mean in Singapore?

A

Prostitution

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3
Q

Who did the Three Circles Model?

A

Braj Kachru

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3
Q

What does “treadies” mean in South Africa?

A

Trainers

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4
Q

In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had first language speakers such as the UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand?

A

The Inner Circle

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5
Q

In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had second language speakers such as Singapore?

A

The Outer Circle

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6
Q

In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had speakers that used English as a lingua Franca, such as China and Russia?

A

The Expanding Circle

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7
Q

What do countries in the Inner Circle act as?

A

Norm-providers

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8
Q

What do countries in the Outer Circle act as?

A

Norm-developing

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9
Q

What do countries in the Expanding Circle act as?

A

Norm-dependent

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10
Q

Give one example of a British English Spelling used in Canada

A

Colour

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11
Q

Give one example of an American English spelling used in Canada

A

Realize

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12
Q

What are examples of distinctly Canadian lexis?

A

Washroom = public toilet
Lineup = queue

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13
Q

In Canadian English, what type of word is “yiz”?

A

A second person plural pronoun

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14
Q

What type of timing is British English?

A

Stress-timed

15
Q

What type of timing is Indian English?

A

Syllable timed

16
Q

If an Indian English speaker pronounced “what” as “vat”, what is this called?

A

v-w merging

17
Q

What does “achaa” mean in Indian English?

A

Good

18
Q

What does “yaar” mean in Indian English?

A

Friend

19
Q

What do Indian English speakers often use instead of simple present tense?

A

The Progressive Aspect

20
Q

What are the four characteristics of English as a Lingua Franca?

A
  1. Omission of Third Person Singular Present tense “s” inflection
  2. Omission of articles
  3. Omission of plural “s”
  4. Use of “no” as a tag question
21
Q

Who did the Circle of World English

A

McArthur

22
Q

What three groups did McArthur divide English into?

A
  1. World Standard English
  2. Regional and National Standards
  3. Non-Standard Varieties
23
Q

According to McArthur, what is World Standard English?

A

Written international English, therefore universally understood

24
Q

According to McArthur, what is Regional and National Standards?

A

Differ between territories. In each area the standards of English are different. Some varieties are in the process of standardising

25
Q

According to McArthur, what are Non-Standard Varieties?

A

Sub-varieties such as aboriginal English and black English

26
Q

Who did the Dynamic Model?

A

Edgar Schneider

27
Q

What five stages are in Schneider’s Dynamic Model?

A
  1. Foundation
  2. Exonormative Stabilisation
  3. Nativisation
  4. Endonormative Stabilisation
  5. Differentiation
28
Q

According to Schneider, what happens during the foundation stage?

A

English is brought to a new territory by a powerful group. Some lexical borrowings by both groups to aid simple communication.

29
Q

According to Schneider, what happens during the Exonormative Stage?

A

The elite used Standard English for prestige purposes. Powerful indigenous individuals use standard English as native language

30
Q

According to Schneider, what happens during the Nativisation stage?

A

The influence of Britain weakens. Bilingual speakers develop their own variety of English

31
Q

According to Schneider, what happens during the Endonormative stage?

A

The new territory gains independence. The new regional form of English become “codified” and used for prestige purposes

32
Q

According to Schneider, what happens during the Differentiation Stage?

A

The new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory. The new variety begins to divide and split into new regional dialects or social varieties

33
Q

Who argues that the global spread of English is causing other languages to die out?

A

Phillipson

34
Q

Who argues that English will continue to spread as the global lingua franca?

A

Crystal

35
Q

Who argues that English is breaking up into many different languages?

A

McArthur

36
Q

What does McArthur call the different languages derived from English?

A

The Anglic Language Family

37
Q

Who argues that, as British and American influence declines, another language will eventually replace it as the global language?

A

Ostler

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