Accent Flashcards
How do Northerners pronounce the vowel in “bath” and “grass”
/æ/
How do Southerners pronounce the vowel in “bath” and “grass”?
/a:/
How do Northerners pronounce the vowel in “put” and “cup”?
/ʊ/
How do Southerners pronounce the vowel in “put” and “cup”?
/ʌ/
Is R.P. and h-pronouncing accent?
Yes
Do the majority of English accents h-pronounce?
No
How does R.P. pronounce the consonant in the middle of “water”?
/t/
What type of sound is /t/?
alveolar plosive
How do many English accents pronounce the consonant in the middle of “water”?
/?/
What type of sound is /?/?
Glottal stop
In the majority of English accents, how is the final sound in “car” pronounce?
/a:/
In much of the south west of England how do they pronounce the final sound in “car”?
/r/
How does R.P. pronounce the final sound in “running”?
/ŋ/
What type of sound is /ŋ/?
Velar Nasal
How do a large proportion of English speakers pronounce the final sound in “running”?
/n/
What type of sound is /n/?
Alveolar Nasal
Which accent uses features of both R.P. and Cockney?
Estuary English
Where did Estuary English originate from?
The Thames Estuary
How does Estuary English pronounce the middle consonant in “Water” and “bottle”?
As a glottal stop (/?/)
In words such as “wholemeal” or “football”, how do estuary speakers pronounce the L?
As a velarised /ɫ/ (I think this means the L is like a weird mix between and L and a W, but I could be wrong)
Who did the Department Store Study?
William Labov
What did Labov look at the link between in his Department Store Study?
Accent and Prestige
Who did Labov study in his Department Store Study?
New York Shop assistants
What sound did Labov study in his Department Store Study?
The non-prevocalic /r/
What phrase did Labov use in his Department Store Study?
“fourth floor”
In New York, what was the prestige form of the pronunciation of “fourth floor” according to Labov?
Using the non-prevocalic /r/
In New York, what was the Stigmatised form of the pronunciation of “Fourth Floor” according to Labov?
Using /a:/ instead of the non-prevocalic /r/
What three shops did Labov study in his Department Store Study?
Saks, Macey’s and Klein’s
What was the Upper Class store in Labov’s Department Store Study?
Saks
What was the middle class store in Labov’s Department Store Study?
Macey’s
What was the working class store in Labov’s Department Store Study?
Klein’s
What did Labov call the first time the assistant pronounced “fourth floor”?
Spontaneous Speech
What did Labov call the repeated time the assistant pronounced “fourth floor”?
Careful Speech
According to Labov, which store used /r/ the most?
Saks
According to Labov, which store used /r/ the least?
Klein
According to Labov, which store changed their pronunciation of /a:/ to /r/ the most?
Macey’s
What did Labov find accent was affected by in his Department Store Study?
Class and Care
According to Labov, which gender corrects from /a:/ to /r/ the most?
Women
Who did the Martha’s Vineyard Study?
William Labov
What were the three groups of people identified in Labov’s Martha’s Vineyard Study?
- The Chilmark fishermen
- The Islanders
- The Summer People
According to Labov, who were the Chilmark Fishermen?
The indigenous population of the island who used the indigenous accent
According to Labov, who were the Islanders?
The Wealthy residents of the island who had moved their
According to Labov, who were the Summer People?
Visitors to the Island
How did the Islanders speech change according to Labov?
Went from High prestige to Low Prestige
In the Islanders speech, how did the vowel sound change in words like “out” and “house”?
Changed from /aʊ/ to /əʊ/ (like in “boat”)
In the Islanders speech, how did the vowel sound change in words like “White” and “Night”?
Changed from /aɪ/ to /əl/ (I have no idea what this sounds like, I tried to find it but the only thing I could find was the end sound of a southerner pronouncing “People”)
Why did Labov suggest the the Islanders accent more?
They thought of the fishermen as “true Islanders” and wanted to sound more like them and less like the summer people
According to Labov’s Martha’s Vineyard Study, why do we use accents?
To mark group membership and to distance ourselves from other groups
Who did the Belfast Study?
Milroy and Milroy
What did Milroy and Milroy give to individuals in their Belfast Study?
A Network Strength Score
What did Milroy and Milroy look at in their Belfast Study?
The “th” sound in “mother” and the vowel sound in “hat”
In the Belfast Study, how did the middle sound in “mother” change?
From /ð/ to /d/
In the Belfast Study, how did the vowel sound in “hat” change?
From /æ/ to /ɔ:/
In The Belfast Study, what did High Network Strength Scores correlate with a greater use of?
non-standard forms
What do dense networks function as?
Norm-enforcement mechanisms
In The Belfast Study, what did men’s speech usually contain more of?
Non-standard forms
In the Belfast Study, why did men’s speech contain more non-standard forms than women’s?
They belonged to denser social networks than women
In The Belfast Study, where did more women than expected use the non-standard form of /ɔ:/ in “hat”
The Hammer and Clonard
Why did more women than expected use non-standard forms in The Hammer and Clonard?
They worked together and belonged to a dense and multiplex network
