Class

Question 1

What is a prestige variety?

Answer 1

A type of language that carries positive connotations. We associate it with success.

Question 2

What are the prestige varieties in English?

Answer 2

R.P is the prestige accent of Britain
Standard English is the prestige dialect of English

Question 3

What is a stigmatised variety?

Answer 3

A type of language that carries negative connotations. We judge people who use it

Question 4

What varieties are the most stigmatised?

Answer 4

Working class and Urban accents and dialects

Question 5

What is Overt Prestige?

Answer 5

Clear positives e.g. associated with rich, educated, powerful or successful people.

Question 6

What is Covert Prestige?

Answer 6

Unclear positives, toughness or pride in region

Question 7

What is Overt Stigma?

Answer 7

Clear negatives e.g. criminality, stupdity

Question 8

What is Covert Stigma?

Answer 8

Unclear negatives e.g. coldness

Question 9

What is prescriptivism?

Answer 9

What language “should” be like

Question 10

What is descriptivism?

Answer 10

What language is actually like

Question 11

Who studied U and Non-U language?

Answer 11

Alan Ross

Question 12

What did Alan Ross call the words middle class used to sound more like the upper class?

Answer 12

Shibboleths

Question 13

Give an example of a shibboleth and what the Upper Class actually call it

Answer 13

U= Chimneypiece
Non-U= Mantlepiece

Question 14

Who studied Restricted and Elaborated Code?

Answer 14

Basil Bernstein

Question 15

What did Basil Bernstein investigate?

Answer 15

Why working-class pupils underachieved in language-based subjects

Question 16

What is Restricted Code?

Answer 16

The kind of language family and friends use in informal settings. It is highly implicit

Question 17

What is Elaborated Code?

Answer 17

It is explicit, it doesn’t assume any shared background or prior knowledge.

Question 18

Which code does the working class use according to Basil Bernstein?

Answer 18

ONLY Restricted Code

Question 19

What code does the middle class use according to Basil Bernstein?

Answer 19

BOTH Restricted AND Elaborated Code

Question 20

Did Basil Bernstein study the Upper Class?

Answer 20

NO

Question 21

Who did the Norwich Study?

Answer 21

Peter Trudgill

Question 22

What do many people in Norwich do according to Peter Trudgill?

Answer 22

G-Drop

Question 23

What is /n/ called?

Answer 23

Alveolar Nasal

Question 24

What is /ŋ/ called?

Answer 24

Velar Nasal

Question 25

According to Peter Trudgill, what happens during Casual Chat?

Answer 25

The lower working class g-drop every time.
The upper middle class g-drop a third of the time

Question 26

According to Peter Trudgill, what happens during the Word List?

Answer 26

The upper middle class g-pronounce all of the time
The lower working class g-pronounce a third of the time

Question 27

According to Peter Trudgill in his Norwich Study, do all the groups g-drop?

Answer 27

Yes, all the groups g-drop at some point

Question 28

According to Peter Trudgill in his Norwich Study, do all the groups g-pronounce?

Answer 28

Yes, all the groups g-pronounce at some point

Question 29

According to Trudgill’s Norwich Study, what type of correlation was there between social class and the use of the /ŋ/ sound?

Answer 29

Direct Correlation

Question 30

What is Style Shifting?

Answer 30

Adjusting accent according to the style of speech. e.g. use of g-dropping

Question 31

According to Trudgill’s Norwich Study, what type of correlation was there between formality and g-dropping?

Answer 31

Inverse Correlation (The more formal the style, the less g-dropping)