Occupation Flashcards
What is “restricted lexis” or “jargon”?
Lexis specific to something etc. an occupation or hobby
Name three occupations that have restricted lexis
- British Legal Language
- American Military Language
- Medical Language
Why does British Legal Language use Restricted Lexis?
- The need for precision
- The very long history of law as a qualified profession
- The prestige of law and changed in prestige languages
- The desire to exclude non-lawyers
Why does American Military Language use Restricted Lexis?
- The military forms a very closed network
- Military service affects a great deal of its personnel’s lives
- The importance of group membership and loyalty
Why does Medical Language use Restricted Lexis?
- A way of recording difficult truths
- A way of expressing frustration with difficult to treat cases
What is Semantically Restricted Lexis?
Words that exist in ordinary English but which have a special meaning to members of the profession.
Who did the Accommodation Theory
Howard Giles
In Giles’ Accommodation Theory, what is Convergence?
Speaking more like your interlocutor, usually to establish comity
In Giles’ Accommodation Theory, what is Divergence?
Speaking less like your interlocutor, usually to show distinctiveness and difference, but it can be to show hostility
What is a Service Encounter?
A transactional Interaction in which one person provides goods or services
What do Service Encounters typically contain?
- Openings and offers of service
- negotiation of service
- closing and leave taking
What is a Discourse Structure?
Occupational Language that often has repeating patterns and structures
What is an example of a Discourse Structure?
A Teacher’s Report.
1. The pupil’s First name
2. A complement adjective
3. Written in the present tense
What is a Discourse Community?
A group that use a Discourse Structure. Will usually determine several aspects of language.
1. Topic
2. Lexical Choice
3. Status
Who studied Frontstage and Backstage Language?
Goffman
According to Goffman, what are Frontstage Conversations?
When speakers are performing their professional identity
According to Goffman, what are Backstage Conversations?
When speakers are performing a different, more social identity
Who studied Workplace Conversations?
Drew and Heritage
What did Drew and Heritage say about Workplace Conversations?
- Are Goal oriented
- Have constraints on what participants will treat as “allowable contributions”
- Employ inferential frameworks that are specific to the workplace
What are Inferential Frameworks?
Assumptions that all the participants share about each other in the context of the conversation
Who studied Asymmetrical Conversation?
Goffman
What is Asymmetrical Conversation according to Goffman?
Conversation are not even or equal. Superiors demonstrate dominant behaviour and inferiors demonstrate deferential behaviour
What is Topic Drift?
Moving from topic to topic
What is Topic Control?
Where a High-Status speaker controls the choice of topics in a conversation
What are Topic Loops?
Returning to a previously abandoned topic
What is Sacks’ Turn Taking Rule?
No Gap. No Overlap
Who Studied Face Needs?
Brown and Levinson
What is Positive Face?
Self Image
What is Negative Face?
The right to Self-Determination
Who Studied Politeness Maxims?
Robin Lakoff
What were Lakoff’s three Maxims of Politeness?
- Don’t Impose
- Give Options
- Make the listener feel good
