Working Memory (Chpt.4) Flashcards
Working memory
the ability to simultaneously store and process information is called working memory working memory plays a central role not just in language understanding, but also in most types of cognitive processing that you perform on a daily basis
Short-term memory
memory refers to the memory system that is responsible for holding onto a small amount of information that has been recently taken in from the environment
Long term memory
has a large capacity and contains your memory for experiences and information that have accumulated throughout your lifetime
Chunk
A chunk is a memory unit that consists of several components that are strongly associated with one another seven chunks
Brown/Peterson and Peterson technique
Involves presenting participants with some items that they are instructed to remember. Participants then perform a distracting task. After spending some time on the distracting task, participants are then asked to recall the original items
Numbers are not similar to letters
Rehearsal
repeating the items silently
Recency effect
recall for items at the end of the list
Primacy effect
with enhanced recall for items at the beginning of the list
Proactive Interference (PI)
means that people have trouble learning new material because previously learned material keeps interfering with their new learning.
Atkinson and Shiffrin information processing approach
one approach to cognition, arguing that our mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer and information progresses through our cognitive system in a series of stages one step at a time.
Atkinson and Shiffrin Model
proposed that memory involves a sequence of seperate steps. In each step, information is transferred from one storage area to another
Sensory memory
is a storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy
Control processes
which are intentional strategies such as rehearsal that people may use to improve their memory
Working memory
is the brief, immediate memory for the limited amount of material that you are currently processing part of working memory also actively coordinates your ongoing mental activities
Working memory approach by Baddley
Model:
central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop, long term memory
Phonological loop
can process a limited number of sounds for a short period of time.The phenological loop processes language and other sounds that you hear, as well as the sounds that you make
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
is neuroscience technique that uses a magnetic field to briefly stimulate a specific location on the cortex no surgery or other invasive procedures are involved
Visuospatial sketchpad
process both visual and spatial information
Central Executive
integrates information form the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the episodie buffer, and long term memory. The central executive also plays a major role in focusing attention, selecting strategies, transforming information, and coordinating behavior. Responsible for suppressing irrelevant information
Episodic Buffer
serves a temporary storehouse that can hold and combine information from phonological loop, your visuopath sketchpad, and long term memory
intergrating phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad and long term
Evidence against earlier models of STM
Phonemic repetitions do not guarantee LTM encoding
Phonological loop and LTM recall
digitali span 7 numbers memory, recall of recently presented xxxxxx
Visuospatial sketchpad
2 visuospatial sketch pad tasks, Brooks imagery task and
Central Executive
active in coordinating phonological loop and visuo spatial sketch pad. attention processes ad planning, coordinating behavior suppressing irrelevant information
two central executive tasks-thinking about irrelevant info and writing random number
Individual differences in WM capacity
Processing (5words) and storage (numbers) while he tested us
Higher Working Memory predicts
success in guessing the meaning of the new words while reading a passage
