Mental Imagery (chpt.7)

Question 1

Mental Imagery

Answer 1

refers to the mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present in the environment

Question 2

Visual Imagery

Answer 2

the mental representation of visual stimuli

Image size (elephant, rabbit,fly) control: Experimenter expectation tell experimenter “y” will occur when you expect “X”

Question 3

Auditory Imagery

Answer 3

mental representation of auditory stimuli

Question 4

STEM Disciplines

Answer 4

science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

Question 5

Analog Code

Answer 5

is a representation that closely resembles the physical object

Question 6

Propositional code

Answer 6

is an abstract language like representation storage is neither visual nor spatial and it does not physically resemble the original stimulus propositional code approach mental imagery is a close relative of language not perception

Question 7

Modern Functionalism

Answer 7

the computer metaphor

Question 8

Propositions vs. Analog images

Answer 8

Analog images are not like the way a computer

Question 9

Kosslyn’s Theory

Answer 9

surface representations are always analog, deep representations (cf.LTM) some analog, some propositional

when using mental imagery the back part of the brain is activated in PET, FMRI, ERP scans

Question 10

Cognitive Maps

Answer 10

More propositional than analog evidence distance estimates are influenced by the number of intervening cities on memorized maps the semantic similarity of close locations

is a mental representation of geographic information, including the environment that surrounds us

Question 11

Hueristics

Answer 11

mental tricks (“rules of thumb”) are likely propositional angles and curves are normalized people visualize it as curvy when they draw it out

is a generalproblem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution but not always

Question 12

Map Rotation

Answer 12

Is reno or san diego further west ? reno Alignment is Rome or Philadelphia further North? rome

Question 13

Mental Models

Answer 13

Making mental models from verbal descriptions spatial judgements easiest to most difficult above/below, back,front left or right

Question 14

Prosopagnosia

Answer 14

cannot recognize human faces visually, through they perceive other objects relatively normally

Question 15

Experimenter expectancy

Answer 15

The researchers biases and expectations influence the outcomes of the experiment

Question 16

Demand Characteristics

Answer 16

are all the cues that might convey the experimenter’s hypothesis to the participant

Question 17

Meta-analysis

Answer 17

is a statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic

Question 18

Pitch

Answer 18

is a characteristic of a sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high

Question 19

Timbre

Answer 19

describes the sound quality of a tone

Question 20

Spatial Cognition

Answer 20

primarily refers to three cognitive activities

1) Our thoughts about cognitive maps
2) How we remember the world we navigate
3) How we keep track of objects in a spatial array

Question 21

Border Bias

Answer 21

People estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographic border, compared to two locations on the same side of that border

Question 22

Landmark effect

Answer 22

general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark

Question 23

90 degree angle heuristic

Answer 23

represent angles in a mental map is being closer to 90 degrees than they really are

Question 24

Rotation Heuristic

Answer 24

is a figure that is slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal than it really is

Question 25

Alignment Hueristic

Answer 25

a series of separate geographic structures will be remembered as being more lined up than they really are

Question 26

Spatial framework model

Answer 26

emphasizes that the above below spatial dimension is especially important in our thinking the front back dimension is moderately important and the right left dimension is least important

Question 27

Situated cognition approach

Answer 27

we make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation our knowledge depends on the context that surrounds us