Problem Solving (chpt. 11)

Question 1

Problem

Answer 1

A difference between an original state and a desired state that is not steadily changed

Question 2

Problem Finding

Answer 2

Even important problems may not be obvious children see problems more easily

Question 3

Problem Representation

Answer 3

Requirements, correspondence, internal to external consistency, blanket in yogurt in a blanket does not mean a bed cover

Question 4

Experiment: The five handed monster problem

Answer 4

Participants had to read the problem monster problem 3 monsters held 3 different size globe s, m ,l. Sentences with important parts are re-read more often

Question 5

Ways of representing problems

Answer 5

symbols, math word problems, symbols make manipulations possible

Question 6

WORP: Matrix

Answer 6

best for properties and positions

Question 7

WORP:Diagrams

Answer 7

good for assembly problem

Question 8

WORP:Hierarchical tree diagrams

Answer 8

probability problems

is a figure that uses a tree like structure t show various possible options in a problem. The kind of diagram is especially helpful in showing the relationship between categorized items

Question 9

WORP: Visual Images

Answer 9

Good for comparison problems

Question 10

Situated cognition

Answer 10

real world context are information rich

we often use helpful information in our immediate environment to create spatial representations we make decisions about the up-down dimension more quickly than decisions about the left-right dimension

Question 11

Algorithm

Answer 11

Guaranteed success, but may take a very long time example systematic random search

is a method that will always produce a solution to the problem although the process can sometimes be inefficient

Question 12

Hueristics

Answer 12

rule of thumb methods usually successful and comparatively quick example generating common names to help remember a person’s name

Question 13

Thinking

Answer 13

requires you to go beyond the information you were given so that you can reach a goal. The goal may be a solution, a belief, or a decision,

Question 14

Problem Solving

Answer 14

refers to the processes necessary to reach a goal, typically in situations where the solution is not immediately obvious

1. The initial State
2. The goal state and
3. The obstacles

Question 15

Initial state

Answer 15

describes the situation at the beginning of the problem

Question 16

Goal State

Answer 16

when you solve the problem

Question 17

Obstacles

Answer 17

describe the restrictions that make it difficult to proceed from the initial state to the goal state

Question 18

Understanding

Answer 18

means that you have constructed a well organized mental representation of the problem based on both the information provided in the problem and your own previous experience

Question 19

Problem representation

Answer 19

refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format.

Question 20

Ecological Validity

Answer 20

if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting in which the results will be applied

Question 21

Exhaustive search

Answer 21

in which you try out all possible answers using a specified system.

Question 22

Analogy Approach

Answer 22

in problem solving you employ a solution to a similar earlier problem to help you solve a new problem

Question 23

Problem Isomorphs

Answer 23

to refer to a set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solution but different specific details

Question 24

Surface Features

Answer 24

such as the specific objects and terms used in the question

Question 25

Structural Features

Answer 25

the underlying core that they must understand in order to solve the problem correctly.

Question 26

Subproblems

Answer 26

first you divide the problem into a number of subproblems or smaller problems and then you try to reduce the difference between the initial state and the goal state for each of the subproblems

Question 27

Meansends hueristic

Answer 27

is appropriate because it requires you to identify the ends or final result that you want and then figure out the means or methods that will use to reach those ends

Question 28

Computer Simulation

Answer 28

they write a computer program that will perform a task in the same way that a human world

Question 29

General Problem Solver(GPS)

Answer 29

is a program where basic strategy is means ends analysis

Question 30

Hill climbing heuristic

Answer 30

and you reach a choice point you consistently choose the alternative that seems to lead most directly toward your goal

Question 31

Expertise

Answer 31

demonstrates consistently exceptional skill and performance on representative tasks for a particular area

Question 32

Parallel processing

Answer 32

handles two or more items at the same time

Question 33

Serial Processing

Answer 33

handles only one item at a time

Question 34

Mental set

Answer 34

you keep trying the same solution you used in previous problems

Question 35

Fixed mindset

Answer 35

you believe that you possess a certain amount of intelligence and other skills and no amount of effort can help you perform better

Question 36

Growth mindset

Answer 36

you believe that you can cultivate your intelligence and other skills you challenge yourself to perform better

Question 37

Functional Fixedness

Answer 37

mean that we tend to assign stable or fixed functions to an object

Question 38

Insight Problem

Answer 38

the problem initially seems impossible to solve but then an alternative approach suddenly burst into your consciousness

Question 39

Noninsight problem

Answer 39

you solve the problem gradually by using your memory reasoning skills, and a routine set of strategies

Question 40

Creativity

Answer 40

requires solutions that are both novel and useful

Question 41

Divergent production

Answer 41

or the number of different responses made to a test item

Question 42

Convergent production

Answer 42

asks the test taker to supply a single best response and the researchers measure the quality of that response

Question 43

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 43

or the motivation to work on a task not because you find it enjoyable but i order to earn a promised reward or to win a competition

Question 44

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 44

the motivation to work on tasks for their own sake because you find them interesting, exciting, or personally challenging