Deductive Reasoning Decision Making (chpt.12)

Question 1

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 1

specif premises that are true and you need to judge whether those premises allow you to draw a particular conclusion based on the principles of logic

Question 2

Conditioning reasoning task or propositional task

Answer 2

describes the relationship between condition

Question 3

Syllogism

Answer 3

consists of two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion

Question 4

Propositional calculus

Answer 4

which is a system for categorizing the four kinds of reasoning used in analyzing propositions or statements

Question 5

Antecedent

Answer 5

refers to the first proposition or statement the antecedent is contained in the “if part of the sentence

Question 6

Consequent

Answer 6

refers to the proposition that comes second it is the consequence

Question 7

Affirming the antecedent

Answer 7

means that you say that the “if” part of the sentence is true

Question 8

Affirming the consequent

Answer 8

means that you say that the “then” part of the sentence is true

Question 9

Denying the antecedent

Answer 9

means that you say that the “if” part of the sentence is false

Question 10

Denying the consequent

Answer 10

means that you say that the “then” part of the sentence is false

Question 11

Heuristic

Answer 11

a general strategy that usually works well rules of thumb that are usually successful and comparatively quick

Question 12

Type 1 processing

Answer 12

is fast and automatic it requires little conscious attention we use type 1 processing during depth perception, recognition of facial expression, and automatic stereotyping

Question 13

Type 2 processing

Answer 13

is relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused attention and it is typically more accurate

Question 14

Belief-bias effect

Answer 14

occurs in reasoning when people make judgement based on prior beliefs and general knowledge rather than on the rules of logic

when real world beliefs impair the use of logic. We rely too heavily on our established beliefs

ex.if a teddy bear it is not a lion
teddy bears are not dangerous
therefore lions are dangerous

Question 15

Confirmation Bias

Answer 15

they would rather try to conform or support a hypothesis than try to disprove. We prefer to confirm a current hypothesis rather than to reject it

people try to confirm a hypothesis and stop once they have a single confirming case tested by the watson selection task

Question 16

Decision making

Answer 16

you must assess available information and choose among two or more alternatives

Psychological interest in decision making grew out of studies of decisions about gains and losses gamblers fallacy a chance outcome becomes more probable over time

Question 17

Representative

Answer 17

A sample looks representative if it is similar in important characteristics to the population from which it was selected

Question 18

Small sample fallacy

Answer 18

because they assume that a small sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected

Question 19

Base rate

Answer 19

or how often the item occurs in the population

Question 20

Base rate fallacy

Answer 20

paying too little attention to important information about base rate

Question 21

Conjunction rule

Answer 21

the probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be larger than the probability of either of its constituent events

Conjuction fallacy Linda is single, outspoken, bright, and was concerned wit social justice and an antinuclear activist n college

Question 22

Availability heuristic

Answer 22

when you estimate frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something

Using ease of thought to decide what facts are true

Question 23

Recognition Heuristic

Answer 23

Typically operates when you must compare teh raltive frequency of two categories ; if you recognize one category, but not the other, you conclude that the recognized category has the higher frequency

Question 24

Illusory Correlation

Answer 24

occurs when people believe that two variables are statistically related, even through there is no actual evidence for this relationship. We rely strongly on well known cell in a 2x2 data matrix and we fail to seek information about the other three cells

Question 25

Social Cognition Approach

Answer 25

stereotypes can be traced to our normal cognitive processes.

Question 26

Creativity

Answer 26

is a kind of problem solving finding solutions that are unusual and useful intelligence and creativity

Question 27

Divergent production

Answer 27

how many words can you make with the letters “stramer” in a minute, only small correlations between different measures of divergent production

Question 28

Remote associate test

Answer 28

small correlations with rated creativity

ex. “ice”- cream, skate, water

Question 29

Influences on creativity

Answer 29

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation people are more creative if intrinsically motivated show less creativity if extrinsically motivated offered reward competing

Question 30

Induction

Answer 30

is less sure but more like real life

Question 31

Conditional reasoning

Answer 31

condition=situation condition X, what can we expect? this is a deductive method

if p then q
if it rains well get wet

Question 32

Why do people think inference 3 and 4 are valid

Answer 32

difficulties in abstractions valid or not accuracy with these is better if diagrams are used

Question 33

Watson Task Situated Cognition

Answer 33

The watson task is much easier to solve with socially relevant situations

if a person is drinking beer he or she must be at least 19 choices person drinking beer, person drinking coke person who is 16,person whois 22 73% correctly chose the beer drinker and the 16 year old this shows situated cognition

Question 34

Anchoring and adjustment heurtistic

Answer 34

also known as the anchoring effect we begin with a first approximation which serves as an anchor then we make adjustments to that number based on additional information

Question 35

Confidence Interval

Answer 35

is the range within which we expect a number to fall a certain percentage of the time

Question 36

Default Hueristic

Answer 36

if there us a standard option which happens if people do nothing then people will choose it

Question 37

Framing effect

Answer 37

demonstrates that the outcome of your decision can be influenced by two factors

1) the background context of the choice and
2) the way in which a question is worded or framed

Question 38

Overconfidence

Answer 38

means that your confidence judgements are higher than they should be, based on your actual performance on to the task

Question 39

Planning Fallacy

Answer 39

people typically underestimate the amount of time or money required to complete a project they also estimate that the task will be relatively easy to complete

Question 40

My side bias

Answer 40

describes the overconfidence that your own view is correct in a confrontational situation

Question 41

Hindsight

Answer 41

refers to our judgements about events that already happened in the past

Question 42

Hindsight Bias

Answer 42

occurs when an event has happened and we say that the event had been inevitable we had actually known it all along

Once something occurs people often think they kew it all along the reason’t that contribute to overconfidence

Question 43

Maximizers

Answer 43

are people who have a maximizing decision making style they tend to examine as man options as possible

Question 44

Sacrificers

Answer 44

are people who have a satisfying decision making style they tend to settle for something that is satisfactory

Question 45

Adjustment and Anchoring Heuristic

Answer 45

anchor something with a number between two numbers adjustment away from one number