Long-Term Memory (Chpt.5)

Question 1

Working Memory

Answer 1

the brief, immediate memory for material we are currently processing and long term memory. Working memory is fragile the information that you want to retain can disappear from memory after less than a minute and the capacity of working memory is limited you can only simultaneously process and store so much information at one point in time.

Question 2

Long-Term Memory

Answer 2

refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime.

Question 3

Episodic Memory

Answer 3

focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally, it allows, you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life.

Question 4

Semantic Memory

Answer 4

describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information

Question 5

Phonological Loop

Answer 5

is a processing buffer that allows for the simultaneous processing and storage based or linguistic information

Question 6

Visuopatial processing

Answer 6

on the other hand processes both visual and spatial information

Question 7

Procedural memory

Answer 7

refers to your knowledge about how to do something

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

you process information and represent it in your memory

Question 9

Retrival

Answer 9

you locate information in storage and you access that information

Question 10

Encoding

Answer 10

refers to how you process information and represent it in your memory

Question 11

Levels of processing approach

Answer 11

argues that deep, meaningful processing information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds processing this theory is also referred to as the depth of processing approach

Question 12

Distinctiveness

Answer 12

means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces

Question 13

Elaboration

Answer 13

which requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts

Question 14

Self -reference effect

Answer 14

according to the self-reference effect you will remember more information if your try to relate that information to yourself

Question 15

Meta analysis

Answer 15

which is statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on single topic.

Question 16

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 16

which states that recall is better if he context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

Question 17

On a recall task

Answer 17

the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier

Question 18

Recognition task

Answer 18

the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time

Question 19

Retrival

Answer 19

refers to the process that allow yo locate information that is stored in long term memory and to have access to that information

Question 20

Explicit Memory Task

Answer 20

a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested and the tested requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned

Question 21

Implicit Memory Task

Answer 21

you see the material usually a series of words or picture later during the test phase, you are insructed to complete a cognition task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition

Question 22

Repetition priming task

Answer 22

recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you’ll think of this particular word when you are subsequently presented with a cue that could evoke many different words

Question 23

Dissociation

Answer 23

occurs when a variable has large effect on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B, a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind effect if measured by Test A,and the opposite effect if measured by test B

Question 24

Amnesia

Answer 24

stems from the brain damage trauma to the head, stroke, neurological disease

Question 25

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 25

or loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage

Question 26

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 26

or loss of the ability to form memories for events that occurred after brain damage

Question 27

Expertise

Answer 27

demonstrate impressive memory abilities, as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area

Question 28

Autobiographical memory

Answer 28

is your memory for events and issues related to yourself

misleading post even information peoples memories can be influenced by subtle misinformation. Some constructivist theories hold that many ….

The recovered memory/false memory debate some supposedly recovered memories have been shown to be false

Question 29

Ecological Validity

Answer 29

research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied

Question 30

Schema

Answer 30

consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your pst experiences with someone or somethihg

Question 31

Consistency Bias

Answer 31

that is we tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint

False memories can be produced in lab research by using something like consistency bias.

Question 32

Source Monitoring

Answer 32

background information

Question 33

Reality Monitoring

Answer 33

you try to identify whether an event really occurred or whether you actully imagined this event

Question 34

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 34

refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event. Many people believe that they can accurately recall all the minor details about what they were doing at the time of this

Question 35

Post Event Misinformation Effect

Answer 35

people first view an event they are given misleading information about the event. later on, they mistakenly recall the misleading information rather than the event they actually saw

Question 36

Proactive Interference

Answer 36

which means that people have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories

Question 37

Retroactive interference

Answer 37

people have trouble recalling new material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories.

Question 38

Constructivist Apprioach

Answer 38

to memory emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating new information with what we know. Our understanding of an event or a topic is coherent

Question 39

Emotion

Answer 39

as a reaction to a specific stimulus

Question 40

Mood

Answer 40

refers to a more general long lasting experience

Question 41

Pollyanna Principle

Answer 41

states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items

Question 42

Positivity Effect

Answer 42

People tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time

Question 43

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 43

in which a person experiences at least 6 months of intense long lasting anxiety and worry

Question 44

Posttramatic stress disorder

Answer 44

in which a person keeps re experiencing an extremely traumatic event

Question 45

Social Phobia

Answer 45

a person become extremely anxious in social situations

Question 46

Coding in Short term memory is not necessarily phenomic

Answer 46

visual codes, semantic codes,

Question 47

Types of LTM

Answer 47

Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Procedural Memorry