Long-Term Memory (Chpt.5) Flashcards
Working Memory
the brief, immediate memory for material we are currently processing and long term memory. Working memory is fragile the information that you want to retain can disappear from memory after less than a minute and the capacity of working memory is limited you can only simultaneously process and store so much information at one point in time.
Long-Term Memory
refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime.
Episodic Memory
focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally, it allows, you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life.
Semantic Memory
describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information
Phonological Loop
is a processing buffer that allows for the simultaneous processing and storage based or linguistic information
Visuopatial processing
on the other hand processes both visual and spatial information
Procedural memory
refers to your knowledge about how to do something
Encoding
you process information and represent it in your memory
Retrival
you locate information in storage and you access that information
Encoding
refers to how you process information and represent it in your memory
Levels of processing approach
argues that deep, meaningful processing information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds processing this theory is also referred to as the depth of processing approach
Distinctiveness
means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces
Elaboration
which requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts
Self -reference effect
according to the self-reference effect you will remember more information if your try to relate that information to yourself
Meta analysis
which is statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on single topic.
Encoding specificity principle
which states that recall is better if he context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding
On a recall task
the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier
Recognition task
the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time
Retrival
refers to the process that allow yo locate information that is stored in long term memory and to have access to that information
Explicit Memory Task
a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested and the tested requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned
Implicit Memory Task
you see the material usually a series of words or picture later during the test phase, you are insructed to complete a cognition task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition
Repetition priming task
recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you’ll think of this particular word when you are subsequently presented with a cue that could evoke many different words
Dissociation
occurs when a variable has large effect on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B, a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind effect if measured by Test A,and the opposite effect if measured by test B
Amnesia
stems from the brain damage trauma to the head, stroke, neurological disease
Retrograde Amnesia
or loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage
Anterograde Amnesia
or loss of the ability to form memories for events that occurred after brain damage
Expertise
demonstrate impressive memory abilities, as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area
Autobiographical memory
is your memory for events and issues related to yourself
misleading post even information peoples memories can be influenced by subtle misinformation. Some constructivist theories hold that many ….
The recovered memory/false memory debate some supposedly recovered memories have been shown to be false
Ecological Validity
research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied
Schema
consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your pst experiences with someone or somethihg
Consistency Bias
that is we tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint
False memories can be produced in lab research by using something like consistency bias.
Source Monitoring
background information
Reality Monitoring
you try to identify whether an event really occurred or whether you actully imagined this event
Flashbulb Memory
refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event. Many people believe that they can accurately recall all the minor details about what they were doing at the time of this
Post Event Misinformation Effect
people first view an event they are given misleading information about the event. later on, they mistakenly recall the misleading information rather than the event they actually saw
Proactive Interference
which means that people have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories
Retroactive interference
people have trouble recalling new material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories.
Constructivist Apprioach
to memory emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating new information with what we know. Our understanding of an event or a topic is coherent
Emotion
as a reaction to a specific stimulus
Mood
refers to a more general long lasting experience
Pollyanna Principle
states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items
Positivity Effect
People tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
in which a person experiences at least 6 months of intense long lasting anxiety and worry
Posttramatic stress disorder
in which a person keeps re experiencing an extremely traumatic event
Social Phobia
a person become extremely anxious in social situations
Coding in Short term memory is not necessarily phenomic
visual codes, semantic codes,
Types of LTM
Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Procedural Memorry
