Visual and Auditory Recognition (Chpt.2)

Question 1

Motor Theory (MT)vs. General Mechanism (GM)

Answer 1

MT: A phonetic module connects hearing to the language motor system. GM is know the most accepted theory

GM: Speech sounds are heard the same way as other sounds

Question 2

Categorial perception

Answer 2

each phoneme category is signaled by many features phoneme categories (PC) are perceived extremely efficiently. MT support PC originally found only in humans and only with speech sounds. GM support PC later found in animals and non-speech sounds

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

Vision and hearing knowledge in a variety of ways to perceive the world.

uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered.

Question 4

Object Recognition or Pattern Recognition

Answer 4

you identify a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli, and you perceive that this pattern is separate from its background.

Question 5

Distal stimulus

Answer 5

is the actual object that is out there in the environment

Question 6

Proximal stimulus

Answer 6

is the information registered on your sensory receptors for example the image that your pen creates on your retina

Question 7

Retina

Answer 7

covers the inside back portion of your eye it contains millions of neurons that register and transmit visual information from the outside world

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

is a large capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

Question 9

Iconic memory or visual memory

Answer 9

preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared

Question 10

Primary visual cortex

Answer 10

is located in the occipital lobe of the brain it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli. It is also the first place where information from your two eyes is combined

Question 11

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 11

is that humans have basic tendencies to organize what they see without any effort we see patterns rather than random arrangements

Question 12

Figure

Answer 12

has a distant shape with clearly defined edges

Question 13

Ground

Answer 13

is the region that is left over forming the background

Question 14

Ambiguous figure-ground relationship

Answer 14

the figure and the ground reverse from time to tie so that the figure becomes the ground and then becomes the figure again

Question 15

Illusory Contours

Answer 15

we see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus

Question 16

Feature Analysis Theories

Answer 16

propose a relatively flexible approach, in which a visual stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristic is called a distinctive feature

Question 17

Recognition by components theory

Answer 17

is that a specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3-d shapes called geons.

Question 18

Viewer centered approach

Answer 18

this approach proposes that we store a small number of views of three dimensional objects, rather than just one view

Question 19

Bottom-up processing

Answer 19

emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object notice its shape, size, color, and other physical characteristic

Question 20

Top down processing

Answer 20

emphasizes how a person’s concepts, expectations, and memory can influence object recognition

Question 21

Change Blindness

Answer 21

Because we overuse top down processing we sometimes demonstrate change blindness we fail to detect a change in an object or a scene

Question 22

In attentional blindness

Answer 22

when we are paying attention to some events in a scene we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears.