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Life Span Development > Work & Career > Flashcards

Work & Career Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 models that aim to account for social development?

A

Normative crisis model

Timing of Events Model

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2
Q

What are the 2 things that give meaning to life as adults?

A

Love

Work

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3
Q

Who are the 2 theorists that support the Normative Crisis Models?

A

Erikson

Levinson

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4
Q

What are the 3 tenets of the Normative Crisis Models?

A

Ground Plan
Crises
Resolution

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5
Q

When are Crises considered resolved?

A

When development proceeds to the next stage

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6
Q

What happens if crises are not resolved?

A

Development stagnates

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7
Q

How many ers are proposed in adulthood?

A

4

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8
Q

What is an era of adulthood?

A

A time where a developmental task needs to be negotiated

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9
Q

Each transition period between eras involves?

A

The need to reappraise and modify certain aspects of life

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10
Q

What are the 9 eras/transition periods in Levinson’s theory?

A 
Early adult (17)
entering adult (22)
age 30 (28)
settling down (33)
mid-life (40)
entering middle adult (45)
Age 50 (50) 
Culmination (55)
Late adult (60)
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11
Q

What does Arnett call early adult transition?

A

Emerging adulthood

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12
Q

What does Levinson’s early adult map onto in Erikson’s theory?

A

Identity resolution

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13
Q

What is the primary task in early adult?

A

Self-sufficiency

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14
Q

What are the main concerns in entering adult stage?

A

work, love and community = dream

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15
Q

Other than establishing the ‘dream’ in the entering adult stage what else is important?

A

the mentor

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16
Q

What element is more important in the ‘dream’ of women?

A

Community

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17
Q

What element is more important in the ‘dream’ of men?

A

Occupation

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18
Q

Who is the ‘mentor’?

A

someone +8 years that provides support and inspiration in achieving the dream

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19
Q

Why is there a quarter life crisis at 30?

A

because the structure of the present life isn’t enough and they cant establish a new structure

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20
Q

What happens in the settling down phase?

A

Build a second life structure- continue to work towards dream by advancing/ establishing oneself

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21
Q

Becoming ones own man involves?

A

ambition
greater authority
greater orientation to goal
more independent

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22
Q

Mid-life involves?

A

reappraisal
integration
creation of new life structure

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23
Q

Reappraisal comes from the realisation that?

A

Life is limited- mortal.

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24
Q

Leaving a legacy is connected to Erikson’s notion of?

A

Generativity

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25
Q

As one develops what are the 4 polarities that must be integrated into oneself?

A

Young/Old
Destructive/Constructive
Masculine/Feminine
Attachment/Separation

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26
Q

What needs to happen with the polarity of young/old?

A

Relinquish youth to take on middle age responsibilities

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27
Q

What must happen with the polarity of attachment/separation?

A

Need for connection needs to be levelled with need for solitude

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28
Q

What are some issues involved in entering middle adulthood?

A

Sandwich squeeze- Boomerang kids/ ageing parents

own mortality

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29
Q

What is the difference between women and men at midlife?

A

less clear cut stages

unstable still after transition (because not at a stage in their career that things are levelling out)

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30
Q

When women make changes in their career and family commitments these reflect?

A

age
shifting roles
desire for self-expression

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31
Q

Neugarten proposed the Timing of _______ model.

A

Events

32
Q

What does the Timing of Events model base social development on?

A

Time in individual’s lives when important events occur

33
Q

What are the tenets of the Timing of Events model?

A

social clock - appropriateness
socioeconomic status
culture/ historical period
normative life events (anticipation = reality)
non-normative life events (late or early vs expectation)

34
Q

What does the move to entering the workforce indicate in social development?

A

severing ties to parents

maturity

35
Q

What is the difference in thoughts about entering the workforce between our generation and those from the 60s-80s?

A

They entered to express skills/talents

We enter to achieve affluence

36
Q

How do young adults explore their career options?

A

part-time work
career education
discussions

37
Q

What are the 3 theorists that account for the choice of vocation in development through their theories?

A

Ginzberg
Holland

Super (2001)

38
Q

Ginzberg suggested 3 stages in the process of selecting a career. These were?

A

Fantasy
Tentative
Realistic

39
Q

What does Ginzberg’s fantasy stage of vocational development consider?

A

the visual aspect of the acreer

40
Q

What does Ginzberg’s tentative stage of vocational development consider? (4)

A

interests (like/dislikes)
capacity (abilities)
values (personal priorities)
transition (aware of decision)

41
Q

WHen children begin to assess their likes and dislikes this maps on to which stages of Piaget and Eriksons theories?

A

Formal Operations

Identity vs role confusion

42
Q

What does Ginzberg’s realistic stage of vocational development consider? (3)

A

exploration
crystallization
specification

43
Q

When young adults start to crystallise their commitment to a career field this maps onto Eriksons crisis of?

A

Identity vs role confusion when they are resolving the crisis

44
Q

What are Super’s 5 stages of career development?

A 
Growth 
Exploration 
Establishment 
Maintenance
Decline
45
Q

Super’s Exploration stage maps onto which of Ginzberg’s stages?

A

Tentative

46
Q

The 3 substages of Super’s exploration stage are?

A

Interests
Abilities
Availability

47
Q

Holland suggests that vocational choices reflect?

A

Personality traits

48
Q

WHat are the 6 personality types that Holland suggests map onto specific occupation types.

A 
Conventional 
Realistic 
Artistic 
Enterprising 
Investigative 
Social
49
Q

What is a limitation of Ginzerg’s theory?

A

4-6 people have major career changes in their lifetime and many changes jobs every year

50
Q

When does vocational development now occur in the life span?

A

Late adolescence

51
Q

None of Hollands, Ginzberg’s or Super’s vocational theories consider the role of?

A

barriers in career decisions

52
Q

Pryor & Taylor considered barriers to career decisions and found that people make ________ and assess the _____ of a job market also when considering career.

A

compromises

realities

53
Q

What job qualities did Pryor & Taylor find men desire?

A

High visibility and high income

Difficult to enter

54
Q

WHat are the social context factors that influence career choice?

A

Parents, partners and Peers

Sex and Class

55
Q

An individual’s occupational ambitions and achievements are ______correlated with achievements of those ______ them.

A

highly

around

56
Q

What are the 6 influences of parents, peers and partners on vocational development?

A 
attachment styles
occupational/ educational attainment
class
opportunities
role models
values
57
Q

What did Hazan & Shaver suggest influences the way in which adults approach their careers?

A

attachment styles

58
Q

Secure attachment meant at work you were more likely to be?

A

Enthusiastic

Satisfied

59
Q

You were more likely to put your partner’s needs ahead of your career if your had a ______ attachment style?

A

secure

60
Q

Avoidant attachment meant at work you were more likely to be?

A

Immersed only in your career
defensive
satisfied

61
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment meant at work you were more likely to be?

A

anxious
competitive
fearful of being demoted

62
Q

Educational attainment is influenced by _________ status.

A

socioeconomic

63
Q

Middle class parents are more likely to raise children to develop a need for _______ and to have an interest in ___________ exploration.

A

achievement

vocational

64
Q

Individuals choose occupational choices similar to their parents especially when those relationships were?

A

warm

had strong identification

65
Q

Role models are especially important for?

A

Women

66
Q

Value context sees parents from a working class view occupational choices as needing to bring?

A

Conform

Obey

67
Q

Value context sees parents from a middle class to view occupational choices as needing to bring?

A

autonomy
interdependence
self-direction

68
Q

Women are more oriented towards working in roles that?

A

Are traditionally occupied by women, work with people instead of things and the allow family/ career balance

69
Q

What are the 3 stages involved in developing satisfaction with your career choice at mid-life?

A

Cooling down of ambitions
Critical self analysis
Redirection

70
Q

What is associated with the critical analysis that comes with addressing career satisfaction in midlife?

A

lowered self esteem

Re-evaluation of life’s priorities

71
Q

Some advantages of changing your line of work during a midlife crisis include?

A

Cognitive development from new learning
New skills
New areas of personality expressed

72
Q

At mid-life Thomas discovered that adults generally wanted? (3)

A

A better work/life balance
Security
Better pay

73
Q

During mid-life selecting a second career can be a good thing if?

A 
Voluntary 
economic 
partner support
role models provide good influence 
timing is good
74
Q

Atchley suggested that there are 4 phases to the retirement process which are?

A

honeymoon
disenchantment
reorientation
stability

75
Q

What is important to Reorientation during retirement?

A

good health
adequate finances
strong relationship

76
Q

In conclusion, social development through work occurs throughout the 4 stages of:

A 
Career: 
choice 
development 
evaluation 
retirement

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