Work & Career Flashcards
What are the 2 models that aim to account for social development?
Normative crisis model
Timing of Events Model
What are the 2 things that give meaning to life as adults?
Love
Work
Who are the 2 theorists that support the Normative Crisis Models?
Erikson
Levinson
What are the 3 tenets of the Normative Crisis Models?
Ground Plan
Crises
Resolution
When are Crises considered resolved?
When development proceeds to the next stage
What happens if crises are not resolved?
Development stagnates
How many ers are proposed in adulthood?
4
What is an era of adulthood?
A time where a developmental task needs to be negotiated
Each transition period between eras involves?
The need to reappraise and modify certain aspects of life
What are the 9 eras/transition periods in Levinson’s theory?
Early adult (17) entering adult (22) age 30 (28) settling down (33) mid-life (40) entering middle adult (45) Age 50 (50) Culmination (55) Late adult (60)
What does Arnett call early adult transition?
Emerging adulthood
What does Levinson’s early adult map onto in Erikson’s theory?
Identity resolution
What is the primary task in early adult?
Self-sufficiency
What are the main concerns in entering adult stage?
work, love and community = dream
Other than establishing the ‘dream’ in the entering adult stage what else is important?
the mentor
What element is more important in the ‘dream’ of women?
Community
What element is more important in the ‘dream’ of men?
Occupation
Who is the ‘mentor’?
someone +8 years that provides support and inspiration in achieving the dream
Why is there a quarter life crisis at 30?
because the structure of the present life isn’t enough and they cant establish a new structure
What happens in the settling down phase?
Build a second life structure- continue to work towards dream by advancing/ establishing oneself
Becoming ones own man involves?
ambition
greater authority
greater orientation to goal
more independent
Mid-life involves?
reappraisal
integration
creation of new life structure
Reappraisal comes from the realisation that?
Life is limited- mortal.
Leaving a legacy is connected to Erikson’s notion of?
Generativity
As one develops what are the 4 polarities that must be integrated into oneself?
Young/Old
Destructive/Constructive
Masculine/Feminine
Attachment/Separation
What needs to happen with the polarity of young/old?
Relinquish youth to take on middle age responsibilities
What must happen with the polarity of attachment/separation?
Need for connection needs to be levelled with need for solitude
What are some issues involved in entering middle adulthood?
Sandwich squeeze- Boomerang kids/ ageing parents
own mortality
What is the difference between women and men at midlife?
less clear cut stages
unstable still after transition (because not at a stage in their career that things are levelling out)
When women make changes in their career and family commitments these reflect?
age
shifting roles
desire for self-expression
Neugarten proposed the Timing of _______ model.
Events
What does the Timing of Events model base social development on?
Time in individual’s lives when important events occur
What are the tenets of the Timing of Events model?
social clock - appropriateness
socioeconomic status
culture/ historical period
normative life events (anticipation = reality)
non-normative life events (late or early vs expectation)
What does the move to entering the workforce indicate in social development?
severing ties to parents
maturity
What is the difference in thoughts about entering the workforce between our generation and those from the 60s-80s?
They entered to express skills/talents
We enter to achieve affluence
How do young adults explore their career options?
part-time work
career education
discussions
What are the 3 theorists that account for the choice of vocation in development through their theories?
Ginzberg
Holland
Super (2001)
Ginzberg suggested 3 stages in the process of selecting a career. These were?
Fantasy
Tentative
Realistic
What does Ginzberg’s fantasy stage of vocational development consider?
the visual aspect of the acreer
What does Ginzberg’s tentative stage of vocational development consider? (4)
interests (like/dislikes)
capacity (abilities)
values (personal priorities)
transition (aware of decision)
WHen children begin to assess their likes and dislikes this maps on to which stages of Piaget and Eriksons theories?
Formal Operations
Identity vs role confusion
What does Ginzberg’s realistic stage of vocational development consider? (3)
exploration
crystallization
specification
When young adults start to crystallise their commitment to a career field this maps onto Eriksons crisis of?
Identity vs role confusion when they are resolving the crisis
What are Super’s 5 stages of career development?
Growth Exploration Establishment Maintenance Decline
Super’s Exploration stage maps onto which of Ginzberg’s stages?
Tentative
The 3 substages of Super’s exploration stage are?
Interests
Abilities
Availability
Holland suggests that vocational choices reflect?
Personality traits
WHat are the 6 personality types that Holland suggests map onto specific occupation types.
Conventional Realistic Artistic Enterprising Investigative Social
What is a limitation of Ginzerg’s theory?
4-6 people have major career changes in their lifetime and many changes jobs every year
When does vocational development now occur in the life span?
Late adolescence
None of Hollands, Ginzberg’s or Super’s vocational theories consider the role of?
barriers in career decisions
Pryor & Taylor considered barriers to career decisions and found that people make ________ and assess the _____ of a job market also when considering career.
compromises
realities
What job qualities did Pryor & Taylor find men desire?
High visibility and high income
Difficult to enter
WHat are the social context factors that influence career choice?
Parents, partners and Peers
Sex and Class
An individual’s occupational ambitions and achievements are ______correlated with achievements of those ______ them.
highly
around
What are the 6 influences of parents, peers and partners on vocational development?
attachment styles occupational/ educational attainment class opportunities role models values
What did Hazan & Shaver suggest influences the way in which adults approach their careers?
attachment styles
Secure attachment meant at work you were more likely to be?
Enthusiastic
Satisfied
You were more likely to put your partner’s needs ahead of your career if your had a ______ attachment style?
secure
Avoidant attachment meant at work you were more likely to be?
Immersed only in your career
defensive
satisfied
Anxious-ambivalent attachment meant at work you were more likely to be?
anxious
competitive
fearful of being demoted
Educational attainment is influenced by _________ status.
socioeconomic
Middle class parents are more likely to raise children to develop a need for _______ and to have an interest in ___________ exploration.
achievement
vocational
Individuals choose occupational choices similar to their parents especially when those relationships were?
warm
had strong identification
Role models are especially important for?
Women
Value context sees parents from a working class view occupational choices as needing to bring?
Conform
Obey
Value context sees parents from a middle class to view occupational choices as needing to bring?
autonomy
interdependence
self-direction
Women are more oriented towards working in roles that?
Are traditionally occupied by women, work with people instead of things and the allow family/ career balance
What are the 3 stages involved in developing satisfaction with your career choice at mid-life?
Cooling down of ambitions
Critical self analysis
Redirection
What is associated with the critical analysis that comes with addressing career satisfaction in midlife?
lowered self esteem
Re-evaluation of life’s priorities
Some advantages of changing your line of work during a midlife crisis include?
Cognitive development from new learning
New skills
New areas of personality expressed
At mid-life Thomas discovered that adults generally wanted? (3)
A better work/life balance
Security
Better pay
During mid-life selecting a second career can be a good thing if?
Voluntary economic partner support role models provide good influence timing is good
Atchley suggested that there are 4 phases to the retirement process which are?
honeymoon
disenchantment
reorientation
stability
What is important to Reorientation during retirement?
good health
adequate finances
strong relationship
In conclusion, social development through work occurs throughout the 4 stages of:
Career: choice development evaluation retirement
