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Life Span Development > Biological & Physical Development/ Change > Flashcards

Biological & Physical Development/ Change Flashcards

0
Q

In the nature nurture debate nurture is when?

A

Behaviour is learned

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1
Q

Locke in his argument in the nature nurture debate used the key term of?

A

Tabula rasa - empty slate

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2
Q

In the nature nurture debate nature is where?

A

Natural growth unfolds in a fixed sequence independently of the environment

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3
Q

Development begins with the development of?

A

The fertilisation of the ovum by the sperm- produces a generic heritage

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A one celled organism, produced by Union of sperm and ova.

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal
Embryonic
Foetal

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6
Q

What is involved in the germinal stage?

A

The placenta transports nutrients and waste between the mother to the foetus and screens out harmful substances

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7
Q

What happens during the embryonic stage ?

A

Rapid development of major organs

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8
Q

By the end of the embryonic stage what develops?

A

Eyes, ears, nose, lips, mouth, hands, fingers, legs, arms, feet and toes

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9
Q

During the foetal stage what happens?

A

Eyelids open and regular breathing (6 months)

Respond to light & touch and learning occurs (8 months)

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10
Q

What are teratogens?

A

External substances that can penetrate the placenta resulting in death or defects

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11
Q

When is the critical period during prenatal development?

A

The period of rapid growth development- embryonic stage

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12
Q

What are 5 examples of types of teratogens?

A 
Maternal illnesses 
Maternal drug and alcohol use 
Maternal nutrition 
Environmental toxins 
Emotional stress
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13
Q

What are two types of results that can come from teratogens?

A

FASD- foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Thalidomide

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14
Q

Does the infant grow radidly or slowly?

A

Rapidly - at 2 50% of adult height and 20% of adult weight

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15
Q

What is newborn vision like?

A

Blurry

Can see large things close range

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16
Q

When does depth perception develop in infants?

A

7 months

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17
Q

What is newborn hearing like?

A

Poor

Can hear soft tones

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18
Q

What sounds do babies prefer?

A

Rising tones

High pitched and expressive

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19
Q

What’s newborns smell like?

A

Similar to adults but less acute

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20
Q

What smells do babies prefer?

A

Flowers
Mother
Dislike ammonia smells

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of motor development?

A

Gross motor

Fine motor

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22
Q

What are the 2 principles that guide motor development?

A

Cephalocaudal trend

Proximidistal trend

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23
Q

Cephalocaudal trend refers to which direction of motor development?

A

Head to foot

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24
Q

Proximodistal trend refers to which direction of motor development?

A

Centre outward (trunk to extremities)

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25
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Involuntary
Unlearned
Motor behaviours
Responses to external stimuli

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26
Q

What are 7 types of newborn reflexes?

A 
Tonic neck 
Grasp 
Step
Crawl
Palmer grasp 
Rooting - suckling 
Moro - flapping wings
27
Q

When do reflexes disappear?

A

3 months (when voluntary muscle control starts)

28
Q

What is Gesell known for?

A

Suggesting motor abilities develop spontaneously in the same order at the same rate - MATURATION

29
Q

What is the median age to develop the ability for lifting your head ?

A

2 weeks

30
Q

What is the median age to develop the ability for rolling over?

A

2.5 months

31
Q

What is the median age to develop the ability for sitting?

A

5.5 months

32
Q

What is the median age to develop the ability for standing alone?

A

11.5 months

33
Q

What is the median age to develop the ability for waking along?

A

12.5 months

34
Q

When does the rate of development between boys and girls start to differ?

A

Pre- puberty - girls have a growth spurt

35
Q

When should a child have developed he ability to cut with scissor?

A

Age 4

36
Q

What growth percentage is the brain at age 6?

A

90%

37
Q

When do the brain develop from being 90% to 100% and why is this period important?

A

Middle childhood

Plasticity

38
Q

What system of the body regulated the hormonal changes seen through puberty?

A

The endocrine system

39
Q

The onset of menstruation in women is called?

A

Menarche

40
Q

The first ejaculating of Stern in makes is called?

A

Spermarche

41
Q

How long do puberty changes take to complete?

A

2/4 years

42
Q

What is secular trend and who suggested it?

A

The decrease in the age of menarchy
Increase in growth rate
Increase in height
Over the years

Tanner

43
Q

What had caused secular trend?

A

Improved nutritian & sanitation

Childcare

44
Q

What the 3 modena that account for effects of pubertal timing?

A

Deviance hypothesis
Stage termination hypothesis
Adult status hypothesis

45
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of body image?

A

Weight
Muscularity
Body strength
Shape and size

46
Q

What is the most common original change in middle adulthood?

A

Loss of sensory sharpness:
Hearing loss
Less sensitive to light
Far sighted Ness

47
Q

during menopause what happens to bone mass?

A

Decreases

48
Q

What happens to hones during middle adulthood?

A

Osteoporotic changes - home density decreases - holes in bones like a sponge

49
Q

What make late adults decrease in height?

A

Thinning of the cartilage between vertebrae

50
Q

What physical changes cause a higher risk of heart disease in late adulthood?

A

The hardening of arteries and build up of fat on walls

51
Q

What psychical changed happen to the digestive system and the brain in late adulthood?

A

Slows

Size and flow of blood decreases

52
Q

What are the 5 theories that attempt to account for the physical changes of old age?

A 
Evolutionary 
Cellular clock 
Free-radical 
Mitochondrial 
Hormonal stress
53
Q

The evolutionary theory on old age suggests that?

A

Natural selection had not eliminated no adaptive characteristics in older adults

54
Q

Natural selection is linked to __________ fitness which is only present in earlier life = negative ageing effects when older because less ______ fitness

A

Reproductive

55
Q

Evolutionary theorists say that if Alzheimer’s disease occurred earlier in life it might have been?

A

Eliminated

56
Q

Cellular clock theory was discussed by who?

A

Hayflick

57
Q

Hayflicks cellular clock theory States that cells can divide a maximum of how many times?

A

75-80

58
Q

75-80 is the what number?

A

Hay flick

59
Q

What are telomeres?

A

DNA sequence that cap chromosomes- each time cell divides the telomeres become shorter

60
Q

What happens to cells when they can no longer reproduce?

A

Die

61
Q

What is the free radical theory?

A

When cells that include unstable oxygen molecules bounce around and damage DNa and cell structures that leads to disorder

62
Q

Free radical theory supports what sort of diet ?

A

Low calorie

63
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Tiny bodies within cells that supply energy for cell function growth and repair

64
Q

Mitochondrial theory suggests?

A

The decay in mitchindria leads to agony which is cause by oxidative damage by free radicals

65
Q

Why is the research surrounding mitochondrial theory undecided?

A

Not known if defeats cause aging or simply accompany ageing

66
Q

What happens in hormonal stress theory

A

Body releases hormones when stressed and causes fight or flight

Prologued stress levels increase disease

Life Span Development (10 decks)

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