Biological & Physical Development/ Change Flashcards
In the nature nurture debate nurture is when?
Behaviour is learned
Locke in his argument in the nature nurture debate used the key term of?
Tabula rasa - empty slate
In the nature nurture debate nature is where?
Natural growth unfolds in a fixed sequence independently of the environment
Development begins with the development of?
The fertilisation of the ovum by the sperm- produces a generic heritage
What is a zygote?
A one celled organism, produced by Union of sperm and ova.
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
Germinal
Embryonic
Foetal
What is involved in the germinal stage?
The placenta transports nutrients and waste between the mother to the foetus and screens out harmful substances
What happens during the embryonic stage ?
Rapid development of major organs
By the end of the embryonic stage what develops?
Eyes, ears, nose, lips, mouth, hands, fingers, legs, arms, feet and toes
During the foetal stage what happens?
Eyelids open and regular breathing (6 months)
Respond to light & touch and learning occurs (8 months)
What are teratogens?
External substances that can penetrate the placenta resulting in death or defects
When is the critical period during prenatal development?
The period of rapid growth development- embryonic stage
What are 5 examples of types of teratogens?
Maternal illnesses Maternal drug and alcohol use Maternal nutrition Environmental toxins Emotional stress
What are two types of results that can come from teratogens?
FASD- foetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Thalidomide
Does the infant grow radidly or slowly?
Rapidly - at 2 50% of adult height and 20% of adult weight
What is newborn vision like?
Blurry
Can see large things close range
When does depth perception develop in infants?
7 months
What is newborn hearing like?
Poor
Can hear soft tones
What sounds do babies prefer?
Rising tones
High pitched and expressive
What’s newborns smell like?
Similar to adults but less acute
What smells do babies prefer?
Flowers
Mother
Dislike ammonia smells
What are the 2 types of motor development?
Gross motor
Fine motor
What are the 2 principles that guide motor development?
Cephalocaudal trend
Proximidistal trend
Cephalocaudal trend refers to which direction of motor development?
Head to foot
Proximodistal trend refers to which direction of motor development?
Centre outward (trunk to extremities)
What are reflexes?
Involuntary
Unlearned
Motor behaviours
Responses to external stimuli
What are 7 types of newborn reflexes?
Tonic neck Grasp Step Crawl Palmer grasp Rooting - suckling Moro - flapping wings
When do reflexes disappear?
3 months (when voluntary muscle control starts)
What is Gesell known for?
Suggesting motor abilities develop spontaneously in the same order at the same rate - MATURATION
What is the median age to develop the ability for lifting your head ?
2 weeks
What is the median age to develop the ability for rolling over?
2.5 months
What is the median age to develop the ability for sitting?
5.5 months
What is the median age to develop the ability for standing alone?
11.5 months
What is the median age to develop the ability for waking along?
12.5 months
When does the rate of development between boys and girls start to differ?
Pre- puberty - girls have a growth spurt
When should a child have developed he ability to cut with scissor?
Age 4
What growth percentage is the brain at age 6?
90%
When do the brain develop from being 90% to 100% and why is this period important?
Middle childhood
Plasticity
What system of the body regulated the hormonal changes seen through puberty?
The endocrine system
The onset of menstruation in women is called?
Menarche
The first ejaculating of Stern in makes is called?
Spermarche
How long do puberty changes take to complete?
2/4 years
What is secular trend and who suggested it?
The decrease in the age of menarchy
Increase in growth rate
Increase in height
Over the years
Tanner
What had caused secular trend?
Improved nutritian & sanitation
Childcare
What the 3 modena that account for effects of pubertal timing?
Deviance hypothesis
Stage termination hypothesis
Adult status hypothesis
What are the 4 dimensions of body image?
Weight
Muscularity
Body strength
Shape and size
What is the most common original change in middle adulthood?
Loss of sensory sharpness:
Hearing loss
Less sensitive to light
Far sighted Ness
during menopause what happens to bone mass?
Decreases
What happens to hones during middle adulthood?
Osteoporotic changes - home density decreases - holes in bones like a sponge
What make late adults decrease in height?
Thinning of the cartilage between vertebrae
What physical changes cause a higher risk of heart disease in late adulthood?
The hardening of arteries and build up of fat on walls
What psychical changed happen to the digestive system and the brain in late adulthood?
Slows
Size and flow of blood decreases
What are the 5 theories that attempt to account for the physical changes of old age?
Evolutionary Cellular clock Free-radical Mitochondrial Hormonal stress
The evolutionary theory on old age suggests that?
Natural selection had not eliminated no adaptive characteristics in older adults
Natural selection is linked to __________ fitness which is only present in earlier life = negative ageing effects when older because less ______ fitness
Reproductive
Evolutionary theorists say that if Alzheimer’s disease occurred earlier in life it might have been?
Eliminated
Cellular clock theory was discussed by who?
Hayflick
Hayflicks cellular clock theory States that cells can divide a maximum of how many times?
75-80
75-80 is the what number?
Hay flick
What are telomeres?
DNA sequence that cap chromosomes- each time cell divides the telomeres become shorter
What happens to cells when they can no longer reproduce?
Die
What is the free radical theory?
When cells that include unstable oxygen molecules bounce around and damage DNa and cell structures that leads to disorder
Free radical theory supports what sort of diet ?
Low calorie
What are mitochondria?
Tiny bodies within cells that supply energy for cell function growth and repair
Mitochondrial theory suggests?
The decay in mitchindria leads to agony which is cause by oxidative damage by free radicals
Why is the research surrounding mitochondrial theory undecided?
Not known if defeats cause aging or simply accompany ageing
What happens in hormonal stress theory
Body releases hormones when stressed and causes fight or flight
Prologued stress levels increase disease
