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Life Span Development > Emotional & Social Development > Flashcards

Emotional & Social Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Children using their mothers emotions to guide ambiguous situations?

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2
Q

What does infant temperament determine? (2)

A

type/amount of social interaction

quality of bonds

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3
Q

What is temperament?

A

A style of expressing needs and emotions.

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4
Q

What were the 3 temperament patterns suggested by Thomas, Chess and Birch?

A

Easy (Flexible)
Slow to warm up (Fearful)
Difficult (Feisty)

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5
Q

Sanson, Prior & Oberklaid suggested a fourth temperament pattern to easy, slow to wamr up and difficult- what was it?

A

average

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6
Q

What is one explanation that has been supported when predicting temperament?

A

Cohort effect- environmental factors

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7
Q

Mood tone is most likely to be _______ over time.

A

stable

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8
Q

What does goodness of fit refer to?

A

The degree of overlap between infants temperament and parents image of an ideal child

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9
Q

Temperament becomes discontinuous when?

A

Poor fit and parents try to change temperament

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10
Q

Bowlby studies WWII infants and found that they were _________ motivated to form ________ because they ensure survival.

A

biologically

attachments

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11
Q

What are the 4 attachment aspects?

A

proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base
separation distress

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of the separation process?

A

protest
despair
detachment

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13
Q

What did harry harlow study?

A

Monkeys to see if it was food or comfort that infants sought in a mother.

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14
Q

What experiment did Ainsworth conduct on attachment?

A

Strange situation

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15
Q

What was involved in Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

The mother leaves the room and the infant is observed for reactions.

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of attachment styles?

A

secure

insecure

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17
Q

What are the 3 sub types of insecure attachment?

A

avoidant
anxious ambivalent
disorganised

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18
Q

Attachment styles define ________ not _________.

A

relationships

individuals

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19
Q

Bartholomew and Horowitz suggested that the model of ______ might be as important as the model of ________ in determining their attachment style.

A

self

other

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20
Q

What are Bartholomew’s 4 categories of adult attachment?

A

secure
preoccupied
dismissing
fearful

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21
Q

Baumrind suggested that there were 2 dimensions of styles of parenting- what were they?

A

Parental:
responsiveness/ warmth
demandingness/ control

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22
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of parenting styles?

A

authoritarian
authoritative
indulgent
uninvolved

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23
Q

What thought is behind the authoritative style of parents and what does it lead to?

A

Guidance leads to autonomy

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24
Q

What thought is behind the authoritarian style of parents and what does it lead to?

A

control leads to passivity

poor self-concept

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25
Q

What thought is behind the uninvolved style of parents and what does it lead to?

A

impulsivity

disengagement

26
Q

What thought is behind the indulgent style of parents and what does it lead to?

A

strong peer orientation

27
Q

What does technique does an authoritative style of parenting use?

A

verbal give-and-take

28
Q

How does the child in an authoritative parenting household view their parents?

A

They identify with parents
admire their parents
have a strong attachment

29
Q

When does self-recognition begin and how do we test it?

A

18 months

mirror- red dot

30
Q

By three years of age, children show 4 forms of self-awareness in language that reflect a sense of self. What are these?

A

self-referral
possession
self-monitoring
awareness of body

31
Q

By middle childhood, children have a concrete understanding of themselves manifested in? (3)

A

physical description
active description
unrealistic positive over-estimations

32
Q

Unrealistic positive overestimation is due to children’s inability to:

A

differentiate desired and actual competence

33
Q

The self understanding of the real vs. ideal self can be mapped onto which of Erikson’s crisis?

A

Industry vs inferiority

34
Q

Erikson suggests that adolescents imagine positive selves. These can be either?

A

Positive (hopes)

Negative (fears)

35
Q

Knox et al. suggest that in high school adolescence can generate up to how many possible selves?

A

13

36
Q

Which of Erikson’s crisis map onto adolescence?

A

identity vs role confusion

37
Q

Identity is developed through the process of?

A

Individuation

38
Q

What does individuation involve?

A

Separation from primary caregivers and dependency on peers

Autonomy

39
Q

What 4 personality characteristics are important for identity formation?

A

Self-esteem
self-monitoring
ego resiliency
openness to experience

40
Q

What are the 3 initial domains that construct identity according to Erikson?

A

Vocation
Ideology
Gender

41
Q

According to Marcia what are the 2 essential criteria for the attainment of an identity?

A

Exploration (of oneself)

Commitment (to oneself)

42
Q

No Crisis + Commitment =

A

Foreclosed

43
Q

Crisis + Commitment =

A

Achieved

44
Q

No Crisis + No Commitment =

A

Diffused

45
Q

Crisis + No Commitment =

A

Moratorium (procrastination guilt)

46
Q

Can there be regressive changes from a higher to a lower level of identity development?

A

Yes

47
Q

Can you be in more than one identity status at one time? (diffused, foreclosed, achieved, moratorium)

A

Yes

48
Q

Which identity status shows the highest level of psychological and interpersonal problems?

A

Diffused

49
Q

What are individuals who are in the identity status of diffused like?

A

socially withdrawn

less intimate with peers

50
Q

diffusion goes with which parenting styles?

A

authoritarian

uninvolved

51
Q

Adolescents who are in the stage of

moratorium demonstrate high levels of?

A

Anxiety

conflict

52
Q

Adolescents who are in the stage of

moratorium demonstrate low levels of?

A

rigidity

authoritarianism

53
Q

Adolescents who are in the stage of

identity achieved demonstrate highest levels of?

A 
achievement motivation, 
moral reasoning, 
intimacy, 
reflectiveness, 
career maturity
54
Q

Elkind suggests that the adolescent experience is characterised by a particular type of egocentrism because adolescents believe that…

A

other individuals are as pre-occupied in themselves as they are

55
Q

The two consequences of the self-conscious in adolescence.

A 
imaginary audience 
personal uniqueness (fable- invulnerability)
56
Q

Self esteem is the __________ dimension of self understanding. Meaning it can be either _____ or ______.

A

affective
positive
negative

57
Q

Self esteem has two aspects which are?

A

global (overall)

dimensional (specific domains)

58
Q

In childhood is there a difference between levels of self esteem in males or females?

A

No

59
Q

In adolescence which gender reports lower levels of self-esteem?

A

females

60
Q

Females are more likely to _____ evaluate.

A

negatively

Life Span Development (10 decks)

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