Emotional & Social Development Flashcards
What is social referencing?
Children using their mothers emotions to guide ambiguous situations?
What does infant temperament determine? (2)
type/amount of social interaction
quality of bonds
What is temperament?
A style of expressing needs and emotions.
What were the 3 temperament patterns suggested by Thomas, Chess and Birch?
Easy (Flexible)
Slow to warm up (Fearful)
Difficult (Feisty)
Sanson, Prior & Oberklaid suggested a fourth temperament pattern to easy, slow to wamr up and difficult- what was it?
average
What is one explanation that has been supported when predicting temperament?
Cohort effect- environmental factors
Mood tone is most likely to be _______ over time.
stable
What does goodness of fit refer to?
The degree of overlap between infants temperament and parents image of an ideal child
Temperament becomes discontinuous when?
Poor fit and parents try to change temperament
Bowlby studies WWII infants and found that they were _________ motivated to form ________ because they ensure survival.
biologically
attachments
What are the 4 attachment aspects?
proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base
separation distress
What are the 3 stages of the separation process?
protest
despair
detachment
What did harry harlow study?
Monkeys to see if it was food or comfort that infants sought in a mother.
What experiment did Ainsworth conduct on attachment?
Strange situation
What was involved in Ainsworth’s strange situation?
The mother leaves the room and the infant is observed for reactions.
What are the 2 types of attachment styles?
secure
insecure
What are the 3 sub types of insecure attachment?
avoidant
anxious ambivalent
disorganised
Attachment styles define ________ not _________.
relationships
individuals
Bartholomew and Horowitz suggested that the model of ______ might be as important as the model of ________ in determining their attachment style.
self
other
What are Bartholomew’s 4 categories of adult attachment?
secure
preoccupied
dismissing
fearful
Baumrind suggested that there were 2 dimensions of styles of parenting- what were they?
Parental:
responsiveness/ warmth
demandingness/ control
What are the 4 dimensions of parenting styles?
authoritarian
authoritative
indulgent
uninvolved
What thought is behind the authoritative style of parents and what does it lead to?
Guidance leads to autonomy
What thought is behind the authoritarian style of parents and what does it lead to?
control leads to passivity
poor self-concept
What thought is behind the uninvolved style of parents and what does it lead to?
impulsivity
disengagement
What thought is behind the indulgent style of parents and what does it lead to?
strong peer orientation
What does technique does an authoritative style of parenting use?
verbal give-and-take
How does the child in an authoritative parenting household view their parents?
They identify with parents
admire their parents
have a strong attachment
When does self-recognition begin and how do we test it?
18 months
mirror- red dot
By three years of age, children show 4 forms of self-awareness in language that reflect a sense of self. What are these?
self-referral
possession
self-monitoring
awareness of body
By middle childhood, children have a concrete understanding of themselves manifested in? (3)
physical description
active description
unrealistic positive over-estimations
Unrealistic positive overestimation is due to children’s inability to:
differentiate desired and actual competence
The self understanding of the real vs. ideal self can be mapped onto which of Erikson’s crisis?
Industry vs inferiority
Erikson suggests that adolescents imagine positive selves. These can be either?
Positive (hopes)
Negative (fears)
Knox et al. suggest that in high school adolescence can generate up to how many possible selves?
13
Which of Erikson’s crisis map onto adolescence?
identity vs role confusion
Identity is developed through the process of?
Individuation
What does individuation involve?
Separation from primary caregivers and dependency on peers
Autonomy
What 4 personality characteristics are important for identity formation?
Self-esteem
self-monitoring
ego resiliency
openness to experience
What are the 3 initial domains that construct identity according to Erikson?
Vocation
Ideology
Gender
According to Marcia what are the 2 essential criteria for the attainment of an identity?
Exploration (of oneself)
Commitment (to oneself)
No Crisis + Commitment =
Foreclosed
Crisis + Commitment =
Achieved
No Crisis + No Commitment =
Diffused
Crisis + No Commitment =
Moratorium (procrastination guilt)
Can there be regressive changes from a higher to a lower level of identity development?
Yes
Can you be in more than one identity status at one time? (diffused, foreclosed, achieved, moratorium)
Yes
Which identity status shows the highest level of psychological and interpersonal problems?
Diffused
What are individuals who are in the identity status of diffused like?
socially withdrawn
less intimate with peers
diffusion goes with which parenting styles?
authoritarian
uninvolved
Adolescents who are in the stage of
moratorium demonstrate high levels of?
Anxiety
conflict
Adolescents who are in the stage of
moratorium demonstrate low levels of?
rigidity
authoritarianism
Adolescents who are in the stage of
identity achieved demonstrate highest levels of?
achievement motivation, moral reasoning, intimacy, reflectiveness, career maturity
Elkind suggests that the adolescent experience is characterised by a particular type of egocentrism because adolescents believe that…
other individuals are as pre-occupied in themselves as they are
The two consequences of the self-conscious in adolescence.
imaginary audience personal uniqueness (fable- invulnerability)
Self esteem is the __________ dimension of self understanding. Meaning it can be either _____ or ______.
affective
positive
negative
Self esteem has two aspects which are?
global (overall)
dimensional (specific domains)
In childhood is there a difference between levels of self esteem in males or females?
No
In adolescence which gender reports lower levels of self-esteem?
females
Females are more likely to _____ evaluate.
negatively
