Development of Language Flashcards
What is language?
structured system of sound patterns and socially standardized meanings
What are the 5’grammatical’ components of language?
phonology semantics syntax phonemes morphemes
What does phonology refer to?
units of sounds together to make words
What do semantics refer to?
a system of meanings
What does syntax refer to?
rules
What do phonemes refer to?
units of sound that differentiate words (mat vs cat)
What do morphemes refer to?
smallest gramatical unit
What are the two types of morphemes
free (words)
bound (add ons eg. -ing)
What are some other types of symbols other than the alphabet?
graphic (music)
motoric (instructions)
gestural (hands)
sensory/ iconic (associated with experiences)
Around 8-10 months what types of symbols are used for communication and why are they used?
gestural- used to communicate and represent
What are 3 gestures that are first exhibited?
waving
shaking head
pointing
What is an example of symbolic representation in infancy?
pretend play
What does deferred imitation mean?
When a child can imitate an object without it being present to copy (pretend play)
When does deferred imitation occur in Piaget’s stages?
end of sensorimotor stage
What are the two main stages of language acquisition?
prelinguistic
linguistic
What are the 3 sub stages within prelinguistic speech?
crying
cooing
babbling
What are the 3 sub stages within linguistic speech?
holophrastic speech
two word utterances
telegraphic speech
What is the purpose of prelinguistic speech?
forms of vocal play - refines muscles
There are different sounds etc. with crying. What do some represent?
hunger fatigue discomfort anger pain
What is cooing and when does it occur?
A repetition of vowel sounds.
6 weeks- 3 months
What is babbling and when does it occur? (ALSO NOT ALL BABIES BABBLE - Biological
Syllable utterances
4- 6 months
What was the human speechome project looking at
the naming explosion
Lenneberg suggests that genuine comprehension of word meaning requires? (4)
recognition of word
phonetic analysis
semantic ability
sentence understanding
What is holophrastic speech?
One word - many possible meanings
Holophrastic speech is used at what age and is related to only?
12-24 months
own actions
What did Nelson say were the most common types of word used by 12 month old children?
names verbs descriptors feeling small joining words
What are the two main features of holophrastic speech?
overextension
underextension
What is overextension?
common nouns used to describe all nouns in same category (orange = all fruits)
What is underextension?
common nouns that narrowly define category (eg. dog is only family pets dog)
When do children begin to use two word utterances?
18 months
What did Brown suggest about the grammatical structure of two word utterances?
Pivot grammar
sentence =pivot word + open word
What 10 broad ideas to Braine suggest could be covered by context specific two word utterances?
Identification Description Possession Plurality Recurrence Disappearance Negation Actor-action relations Location Requests
What does telegraphic speech resemble?
telegrams- only vital words
When does telegraphic speech appear?
24 months
What is an example of over regularisation?
Mouses
What character did Berko use in her study of children’s over regularisations?
Wugs
What was the implication of Berko’s study of children’s over regularisation?
Grammatical rules are learnt not imitated
What is transformational grammar?
declarative statements that can be modified to convey different meanings (questions, negative, conjunctions)
Bloom used 3 negative words to indicate meaning- what were they?
non-existance
rejection
denial/ implied falseness
How do children indicate they are asking something if they are using holophrastic, two word utterances or telegraphic speech?
They raise the tone of their voice at the end of speech
When do children start using complex sentences/
2 years old
When does embedding appear?
3 years
What is embedding?
The syntax that allows speech about cognitive states/ beliefs
What is an example of embedded speech?
Do you mind if…..
What are the two areas in the brain that are specialised for language?
Broca’s
Wernicke’s
What is Broca’s area of the brain responsible for?
language production/ grammar
What is Wernicke’s area of the brain responsible for?
comprehension
Who was Genie Wiley?
‘The Wild CHild’ without speech because she was not exposed to or taught language
What is the language called that adults (and other children) use with babies?
Parentese
What are some of the 9 primary features of Parentese?
simple short sentences repetition restating (expansion) recasting (rephrasing) prompting echoing emphasis long pauses exaggeration
What is used to establish whether a child has developed self-concept?
A mirror
