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Life Span Development > Development of Language > Flashcards

Development of Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

structured system of sound patterns and socially standardized meanings

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2
Q

What are the 5’grammatical’ components of language?

A 
phonology 
semantics
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
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3
Q

What does phonology refer to?

A

units of sounds together to make words

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4
Q

What do semantics refer to?

A

a system of meanings

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5
Q

What does syntax refer to?

A

rules

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6
Q

What do phonemes refer to?

A

units of sound that differentiate words (mat vs cat)

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7
Q

What do morphemes refer to?

A

smallest gramatical unit

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8
Q

What are the two types of morphemes

A

free (words)

bound (add ons eg. -ing)

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9
Q

What are some other types of symbols other than the alphabet?

A

graphic (music)
motoric (instructions)
gestural (hands)
sensory/ iconic (associated with experiences)

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10
Q

Around 8-10 months what types of symbols are used for communication and why are they used?

A

gestural- used to communicate and represent

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11
Q

What are 3 gestures that are first exhibited?

A

waving
shaking head
pointing

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12
Q

What is an example of symbolic representation in infancy?

A

pretend play

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13
Q

What does deferred imitation mean?

A

When a child can imitate an object without it being present to copy (pretend play)

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14
Q

When does deferred imitation occur in Piaget’s stages?

A

end of sensorimotor stage

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15
Q

What are the two main stages of language acquisition?

A

prelinguistic

linguistic

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16
Q

What are the 3 sub stages within prelinguistic speech?

A

crying
cooing
babbling

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17
Q

What are the 3 sub stages within linguistic speech?

A

holophrastic speech
two word utterances
telegraphic speech

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18
Q

What is the purpose of prelinguistic speech?

A

forms of vocal play - refines muscles

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19
Q

There are different sounds etc. with crying. What do some represent?

A 
hunger 
fatigue 
discomfort 
anger
pain
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20
Q

What is cooing and when does it occur?

A

A repetition of vowel sounds.

6 weeks- 3 months

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21
Q

What is babbling and when does it occur? (ALSO NOT ALL BABIES BABBLE - Biological

A

Syllable utterances

4- 6 months

22
Q

What was the human speechome project looking at

A

the naming explosion

23
Q

Lenneberg suggests that genuine comprehension of word meaning requires? (4)

A

recognition of word
phonetic analysis
semantic ability
sentence understanding

24
Q

What is holophrastic speech?

A

One word - many possible meanings

25
Q

Holophrastic speech is used at what age and is related to only?

A

12-24 months

own actions

26
Q

What did Nelson say were the most common types of word used by 12 month old children?

A 
names
verbs
descriptors 
feeling 
small joining words
27
Q

What are the two main features of holophrastic speech?

A

overextension

underextension

28
Q

What is overextension?

A

common nouns used to describe all nouns in same category (orange = all fruits)

29
Q

What is underextension?

A

common nouns that narrowly define category (eg. dog is only family pets dog)

30
Q

When do children begin to use two word utterances?

A

18 months

31
Q

What did Brown suggest about the grammatical structure of two word utterances?

A

Pivot grammar

sentence =pivot word + open word

32
Q

What 10 broad ideas to Braine suggest could be covered by context specific two word utterances?

A 
Identification
Description
Possession
Plurality
Recurrence
Disappearance
Negation
Actor-action relations
Location
Requests
33
Q

What does telegraphic speech resemble?

A

telegrams- only vital words

34
Q

When does telegraphic speech appear?

A

24 months

35
Q

What is an example of over regularisation?

A

Mouses

36
Q

What character did Berko use in her study of children’s over regularisations?

A

Wugs

37
Q

What was the implication of Berko’s study of children’s over regularisation?

A

Grammatical rules are learnt not imitated

38
Q

What is transformational grammar?

A

declarative statements that can be modified to convey different meanings (questions, negative, conjunctions)

39
Q

Bloom used 3 negative words to indicate meaning- what were they?

A

non-existance
rejection
denial/ implied falseness

40
Q

How do children indicate they are asking something if they are using holophrastic, two word utterances or telegraphic speech?

A

They raise the tone of their voice at the end of speech

41
Q

When do children start using complex sentences/

A

2 years old

42
Q

When does embedding appear?

A

3 years

43
Q

What is embedding?

A

The syntax that allows speech about cognitive states/ beliefs

44
Q

What is an example of embedded speech?

A

Do you mind if…..

45
Q

What are the two areas in the brain that are specialised for language?

A

Broca’s

Wernicke’s

46
Q

What is Broca’s area of the brain responsible for?

A

language production/ grammar

47
Q

What is Wernicke’s area of the brain responsible for?

A

comprehension

48
Q

Who was Genie Wiley?

A

‘The Wild CHild’ without speech because she was not exposed to or taught language

49
Q

What is the language called that adults (and other children) use with babies?

A

Parentese

50
Q

What are some of the 9 primary features of Parentese?

A 
simple short sentences
repetition 
restating (expansion)
recasting (rephrasing) 
prompting
echoing
emphasis 
long pauses
exaggeration
51
Q

What is used to establish whether a child has developed self-concept?

A

A mirror

Life Span Development (10 decks)

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