Moral Development Flashcards
What are the 3 things that make up someone’s ideology? Their…
Morality
Faith
Politics
What basic learning processes is moral behaviour connected to?
Imitation
Reinforcement
Punishment
Reinforcement and punishment of moral behaviour must be both?
consistent
contingent on behaviour
What 2 aspects make someone an effective role model?
Their characteristics
The cognitive skills
When are children most likely to act immorally? (2)
Pressured by peers
Unlikely to be caught
What are the 2 aspects to moral development that Mischel and Mischel propose?
Competencies
Performance
What is moral competency?
What someone is capable of doing? (Skills, awareness and cognitive ability)
What is moral performance determined by?
Motivation
Rewards
What term did Bandura use when describing the process of adopting standards of right and wrong as guides for conduct?
Self-regulation
What is involved in self-regulation? (3)
Monitoring own conduct
Judging own conduct
Regulating own actions by consequences
What is central to the process of self-regulation?
Self-control
What experiment was used to test self-control and the ability to resist temptation?
Mischel’s Marshmallow experiment
What did the Marshmallow experiment show?
That age is related to self-control
Which of Freud’s branches of personality is responsible for moral decisions?
Superego
What two components of the superego help to make moral decisions?
ego-ideal- rewards things approved by parents
conscience- punishes things disapproved by parents
WHat 5 behaviours demonstrate the existence of an internalized conscience?
resisting temptation guilt knowing rules confession reparation
More guilt is shown by? (2)
girls
fearful temperament children
What are the 2 stages of moral development?
Heteronomous
Autonomous
What is Heteronomous morality?
Wrong = what an authority figure disapproves of
What is Autonomous morality?
Wrong = wring intentions
The 3 premises that underlie Kohlberg’s theory are?
Reasoning
Stage-like
Social justice
What are the 3 levels and 6 stages of Kohlberg’s moral development?
Pre-conventional (Individual) 1 Obedience (avoid punishment) 2 Considering Intentions (self-interest)
Conventional (Society)
3 Conformity (Good girl)
4 Social accord (Laws/ rules)
Post Conventional
5 Social contract
6 Universal principles
What were Gilligan’s 2 parallels paths of moral development?
Justice
Care
What were Gilligan’s 3 stages of moral development?
Survival (Own needs)
Goodness (Self sacrifice)
Truth (non violence)
What was 1 of the limitations of Gilligan’s theory?
Biased sample- could be due to existing social inequities
What are the 4 principles of distributive justice?
need
equality
equity
winner takes all
How is the distributive principle of need used?
Adults with distributing rewards in family
Children (+7)
How is the distributive principle of equality used?
Adults in friendships or teams
Young female children
What is the equity rule?
Each has as much as they have contributed
How is the distributive principle of equity used?
Adults in impersonal business dealings
Children in concrete operational thinking
When is the distributive principle of winner takes all important for?
Games
Sporting competitions
What does the decline of religiosity suggest?
Incline in individualism
Decline in pressure from parents
When does religiosity increase?
Late 60s-70s (greater for women)
What does religiosity positively correlate to?
more prosocial
more self-esteem
more optimism
more life satisfaction
What does religiosity negatively correlate to?
more suicide
more substance abuse
more sexual involvement
more delinquent
How does religiosity help in old age?
Deal with death
Give meaning to life
accept losses
offers social support
