Death, Dying, Bereavement & Grieving Flashcards
Baltes suggests that old age can be defined by 5 criteria which are?
Sociological/familial (retirement) Biological (frailty/ disability) Longevity/ Demographic (final decade before natural death) Cognitive (Decline) Institutional (nursing home)
Four decades of later life are?
Young-old adults: 60-69
Third age adults: 70-79
Fourth age: 75-85
Old-Old: Physical and mental problems
By 2050 people will live to the age of?
92/ 95 (men/women)
Ageism and negative stereotypes associated with ageing are as strong as they were?
50 years ago
Is ageism declining?
No
What are the best known visible signs of ageing in men?
balding
greying
wrinkling
dropping skin
Why do you get wrinkles?
skin looses elasticity and the muscle and fatty tissue disappear
skin dries out
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IS?
A build up of plaque on the inside walls of arteries
What is the leading cause of death in Australia?
Heart disease and stroke (Arteriosclerosis)
What happens to your muscles as they age?
Increase in size and strength until 39
Loose elasticity
What is Lipofuscin?
age pigment- oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
What is collagen?
Connective tissue in the skin, muscles and joints between bones
Collagen accounts for age related problems such as?
Pain and stiffness of joints
Slower healing of wounds
Loss of elasticity in the skin
What hormonal changes to women in their mid to late 50s experience?
Menopause/ decrease in oestrogen
Drying skin
Increase in hair
Appearance
What happens to the skeleton of the adult body each year?
10% rebuilds itself
The ageing of bones is due to?
The calcium being absorbed at a faster rate than it is replaced
What does the ageing of bones increase the likelihood of?
Fractures
The most common physical changes in old age are related to?
Vision and hearing
What are the most common physical changes?
hearing loss
less sensitive to light
increased farsightednes
Adults up to the age of 60 can still increase cognitively through?
comprehension
new information
new skills
reasoning and verbal memory
Some intellectual abilities decline in late adulthood including?
manipulation of ideas and symbols quickly
active thinking and reasoning
mental effort
With increasing age it becomes most difficult mentally to?
organise elements of a problem and manipulate more than 1 idea at once
What is the difference between episodic memory and semantic memory?
Short term and narrative memory
With increased age there is more tendency to recall _____ information as being ____.
false
true
Cognitive changes generally occur due to?
diseases
drugs
illnesses
un-stimulating life
What cognitive processes are facilitated by age?
Dialectical thinking
Wisdom
What tis dialectical thinking?
Knowledge is relative and not absolute - resolutions come from weighing up options
What is Wisdom?
expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life
rich knowledge
What is SOC
Selective
Optimisation
Compensation
What does Ryff consider to be the tenets of successful ageing?
interested in others accepts change continued growth enjoys life sense of humour family experiences confident tolerant self-aware
What are the 3 theories that account for social process of ageing?
disengagement theory
activity theory
socio-emotional selectivity theory
The disengagement theory suggests that?
Individuals deliberately divorce themselves from others because of changes in thought patterns
The disengagement theory os not supported because?
Small, narrow sample
Promotes discrimination
What is the Activity theory?
Continued social commitment and involvement is vital to successful ageing
What is the Socio-Emotional selectivity theory?
Learn to regulate emotions to enjoy the remaining time left - priority to deepening relationships and developing expertise
U shaped curve of marital satisfaction suggests?
Kids decline it and then when they live satisfaction increases
What is the ‘Onset of old age’?
an increased awareness that death is approaching
What is the ‘terminal drop’?
Sudden decline in mental functioning before death
Which of Erikson’s crises are associated with the end of life?
Ego-integrity vs despair
What does the resolution of the crisis of integrity vs despair depend on?
cultural death system
What did Kastenbaum suggest were the 5 components involved in the system of death?
People Places/ context Times - funerals/ anniversaires Objects- coffins Symbols
Life expectancy has increased from 47 years to?
78 years
Where do the majority of people die these days?
Hospitals/ Institutions (80%)
How does death affect infants?
Little awareness but adversely affects development if caregiver lost
How is death perceived by children (3-5)?
Magical- can be brought back to life
Baddies and those who want to die do
Blame themselseves
What moral construct can be used to explain children’s process of blaming themselves for someone else’s death?
The belief of immanent justice - they did something bad so are being punished
How do children in middle childhood perceive death?
It exists but only to some
hypersensitive - fear of loosing others (if lost someone close to them)
How do you support children when teaching about death?
sensitive/ sympathy
encourage expression of own feelings
share memories
be open
In adolescence death is perceived as?
Abstract concept
Described metaphorically (dark/ transition)
Pinned to religious / philosophical views
Adulthood perceives death as?
More realistic
Fear intensifies at middle age
What are the 5 stages in the process of dying according to Kubler-Ross?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Why are stage models of death criticised?
Don’t account for sudden death
Don’t account for men suffering more than women
Don’t account for culture/ surrounding
Don’t account for personal coping (personality/ cognition)
Six months after loss, individuals are more able to accept the loss as ________, are more ________ about the future, and more likely to ______ ________ in day to day life.
reality
optimistic
function competently
WHat is prologued grief?
unresolved/ extended grief - numbness, detachment
What is disenfranchised grief?
Grief for a socially ambiguous individual eg. ex-spouse, abortion, stigmatised death (HIV)
Bereavement consists of 2 dimensions which are?
Loss of oriented stressors
Restoration of Oriented stressors
What are loss oriented stressors?
Stressors that focus on the deceased
What are restoration oriented stressors?
secondary stressors that come as indirect outcome of a loss (changing identity - widow)
What are 4 factors affecting the bereavement process?
Nature of relationship
circumstances of death
social support
multiple stressors
How does social support change the stress of death?
When reactions of other are also sad= support
Rituals help
What are the 7 paradoxes associated with development?
develomental vs non-developmental continuity vs discontinuity nature vs nurture activity vs passivity cognitive vs affective macroscopic vs microscopic general vs particular
