Introduction Flashcards
Michael Apted’s series 7-up uses what sort of study design?
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential
What are the 3 areas that affect age-related change?
Universal (biology) Group specific (cohort effect- historically or culturally based) Individual differences (unique)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a sequential design?
Fast and inexpensive / reveals age related change
Cohort effect influences findings
Reveals little about individual change
What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal designs?
Demonstrate a sequence of change
Avoids cohort effect and maps individual change
costly / practice effects (learned from doing many times)
Psychological tests as methods of research collection can be either…
Objective or
projective
Disadvantages of surveys
Socially desirable responding
Volunteer bias
Examples of types of physiological measures include:
Blood tests
Neuroimaging- fMRI- electromagnetic waves to construct images of the brains biochemical activity
What are the four primary groups of psychological theories that explain development?
Psychodynamic
Behaviourist
Cognitive
Biological
Who are the two psychodynamic theorists?
Freud
Erikson
Who are the two main behaviourist theorists?
Skinner
Bandits
Who are the two main cognitive theorists?
Piaget and Kohlberg
Who are the two main biological theorists?
Chomsky
Bowlby
How did Freud think the mind was divided ?
Into the Id, the Ego and the Superego
What were two of the main focuses of Freud?
Unconscious defence mechanisms
Dreams
What were the key aspects to Freud’s theory on unconscious defender mechanisms?
Repression Denial Projection Reaction Formation Sublimation
What were Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?
Oral Anal Phallic Latent Genital
Freud’s Oral stage was between the ages of?
Birth - 18 months
Freud’s anal stage was between the ages of?
18 months -3/4 years
Freud’s Phallic stage was between the ages of?
3/4 years-5/7 years
Freud’s Latent stage was between the ages of?
5/7 years - puberty
Freud’s genital stage was at what ages?
From puberty onwards
Erik Erikson’s theory was:
psychosocial theory
Erikson’s theory included 8 what?
Crisis
How many crisis in Erikson’s lifespan theory?
8
What prompted the crisis faced by children in Erikson’s theory?
Biological changes
How were crisis in Erikson’s theory resolved?
Through social means
Crisis: test vs
Mistrust
Crisis: autonomy vs
Shame and doubt
Crisis: initiative vs
Inferiority
Crisis: identify vs
Role confusion
Crisis: generativity vs
Stagnation
Crisis: who-integrity vs
Despair
If the crisis of trust and mistrust is resolved then what is gained?
Hope
If the crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt is overcome what is gained?
Will
If the crisis of initiative vs guilt is overcome what is gained?
Purpose
If the crisis of industry vs inferiority is over come what is gained?
Competence
If the crisis of initiative vs guilt is overcome what is gained?
Purpose
If the crisis of identity vs role confusion is overcome what is gained?
Fidelity
If the crisis of intimacy vs isolation is overcome then what is gained?
Love
If the crisis of generativity vs stagnation is overcome what is gained?
Care
If the crisis of ego-integrity vs despair is overcome what is gained?
Wisdom
The principal task of Freud’s oral stage is?
Weaning
The principal task of Freud’s anal stage is?
Toilet-training
The principal task of Freud’s phallic stage is?
Sexual identity
The principal task of Freud’s latent stage is?
Learning
The principal task of Freud’s genital stage is?
Genital intercourse
The ages at which a person enters a new crisis in Erikson’s theory are?
Birth 1 year 3 years 6 years 12 years 18 years 30 years Old age
Behaviourist theorists include
Pavlov
Watson
Skinner
Bandura
The primary constructs of behaviouralism are?
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Reinforcement Observational learning Self-efficacy
Piagets stages are the?
Cognitive development stages
How many cognitive development stages are there in Piagets theory?
4
What are the 4 cognitive development stages in Piagets theory?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the sensorimotor stage occurs at the age of and involves?
Birth-2
Reflexes
Coordination of reflexes
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the Preoperational stage occurs at the age of, and includes?
2-6/7
Self-oriented
Egocentric
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the concrete operational stage occurs at the age of, and involves?
6/7-11/12
More than 1 point of view
No abstract problems
Consider some outcomes
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the formal operational stage occurs at the age of, and includes?
11/12 and up
Abstract thought
Theoretical reasoning
(Not all people reach this stage)
Vygotsky believes that cognitive development is a result of children’s interaction with the _________ world rather than the _________ world.
Social
Physical
Vygotsky believed that ______ comes before ________!!
Language
Before
Cognition
Vygotsky Believed that children learn to converse with words _________ before they began to ______ with words __________ .
Socially
Think
Privately
Cognitive development is influx end but the language of the child’s _________.
Culture
Kohlberg focused his studies on?
Moral development
Kohlberg suggested that children’s understandings of morality are based upon?
Advanced understandings of social justice
Kohlbergs theory advances in a stage like manner dependent on
Cognitive development
The three levels of Kohlbergs theory of moral development are:
Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Post-conventional morality
Kohlbergs Post- conventional morality can be divided into two stages:
Punishment/obedience (whatever leads to punishment must be wrong)
Rewards (whatever leads to rewards must be right)
The two stages of Kohlbergs conventional morality are:
Good intentions (conforming to ways known as good behaviour)
Obedience to authority (doing one duty)
The two stages within Kohlbergs level of post-conventional morality are:
Difference between moral and legal right (rules should sometimes be broken)
Individual principles of conscience (accounts for the affects on everyone)
The most concerning moral dilemma in the pre conventional stage is whether:
The behaviour is right or wrong and is therefore rewarded or punished
The most important dilemma in conventional morality is:
The view of others and ovoid since of blame/ seeking approval
The most important dilemma in the post conventional level of moral development is/
The abstract notion of justice. Rights of others can override obedience to rules/ laws.
What was bowlbys theory?
Attachment
The main 3 points in Bowlbys theory suggest:
The relationship with caregivers affects subsequent relationships
We are biological predisposed to form relationships for survival
Early relationships establish mental models to guide ongoing behaviour
Levinson was known for?
Developmental research during adulthood and in particular mid life
Levinsons theory Adult lives consist of periods of alternation which include:
Stable functioning (life structures) and Developmental upheaval (transitions)
Levinson suggests that ____ ______ and ______ are reevaluated during transitions.
Life goals
Activities
Paul Baltes was known for his research in developmental psychology for his focus on :
Balances and losses
In later life Baltes suggested that ______ predominate over _______ in latter life.
Losses
Gains
Baltes theory suggested that development continues through what 3 processes?
SOC
selection
Optimisation
Compensation
SOC stands for In detail?
Selecting - particular abilities
Optimising - abilities through practice and new technologies
Compensating- for losses of other abilities by finding other ways to accomplish tasks
