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Life Span Development > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

Michael Apted’s series 7-up uses what sort of study design?

A

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential

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1
Q

What are the 3 areas that affect age-related change?

A 
Universal (biology) 
Group specific (cohort effect- historically or culturally based) 
Individual differences (unique)
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2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a sequential design?

A

Fast and inexpensive / reveals age related change
Cohort effect influences findings
Reveals little about individual change

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal designs?

A

Demonstrate a sequence of change
Avoids cohort effect and maps individual change

costly / practice effects (learned from doing many times)

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4
Q

Psychological tests as methods of research collection can be either…

A

Objective or

projective

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5
Q

Disadvantages of surveys

A

Socially desirable responding

Volunteer bias

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6
Q

Examples of types of physiological measures include:

A

Blood tests

Neuroimaging- fMRI- electromagnetic waves to construct images of the brains biochemical activity

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7
Q

What are the four primary groups of psychological theories that explain development?

A

Psychodynamic
Behaviourist
Cognitive
Biological

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8
Q

Who are the two psychodynamic theorists?

A

Freud

Erikson

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9
Q

Who are the two main behaviourist theorists?

A

Skinner

Bandits

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10
Q

Who are the two main cognitive theorists?

A

Piaget and Kohlberg

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11
Q

Who are the two main biological theorists?

A

Chomsky

Bowlby

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12
Q

How did Freud think the mind was divided ?

A

Into the Id, the Ego and the Superego

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13
Q

What were two of the main focuses of Freud?

A

Unconscious defence mechanisms

Dreams

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14
Q

What were the key aspects to Freud’s theory on unconscious defender mechanisms?

A 
Repression 
Denial 
Projection 
Reaction 
Formation 
Sublimation
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15
Q

What were Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
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16
Q

Freud’s Oral stage was between the ages of?

A

Birth - 18 months

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17
Q

Freud’s anal stage was between the ages of?

A

18 months -3/4 years

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18
Q

Freud’s Phallic stage was between the ages of?

A

3/4 years-5/7 years

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19
Q

Freud’s Latent stage was between the ages of?

A

5/7 years - puberty

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20
Q

Freud’s genital stage was at what ages?

A

From puberty onwards

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21
Q

Erik Erikson’s theory was:

A

psychosocial theory

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22
Q

Erikson’s theory included 8 what?

A

Crisis

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23
Q

How many crisis in Erikson’s lifespan theory?

A

8

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24
Q

What prompted the crisis faced by children in Erikson’s theory?

A

Biological changes

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25
Q

How were crisis in Erikson’s theory resolved?

A

Through social means

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26
Q

Crisis: test vs

A

Mistrust

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27
Q

Crisis: autonomy vs

A

Shame and doubt

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28
Q

Crisis: initiative vs

A

Inferiority

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29
Q

Crisis: identify vs

A

Role confusion

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30
Q

Crisis: generativity vs

A

Stagnation

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31
Q

Crisis: who-integrity vs

A

Despair

32
Q

If the crisis of trust and mistrust is resolved then what is gained?

A

Hope

33
Q

If the crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt is overcome what is gained?

A

Will

34
Q

If the crisis of initiative vs guilt is overcome what is gained?

A

Purpose

35
Q

If the crisis of industry vs inferiority is over come what is gained?

A

Competence

36
Q

If the crisis of initiative vs guilt is overcome what is gained?

A

Purpose

37
Q

If the crisis of identity vs role confusion is overcome what is gained?

A

Fidelity

38
Q

If the crisis of intimacy vs isolation is overcome then what is gained?

A

Love

39
Q

If the crisis of generativity vs stagnation is overcome what is gained?

A

Care

40
Q

If the crisis of ego-integrity vs despair is overcome what is gained?

A

Wisdom

41
Q

The principal task of Freud’s oral stage is?

A

Weaning

42
Q

The principal task of Freud’s anal stage is?

A

Toilet-training

43
Q

The principal task of Freud’s phallic stage is?

A

Sexual identity

44
Q

The principal task of Freud’s latent stage is?

A

Learning

45
Q

The principal task of Freud’s genital stage is?

A

Genital intercourse

46
Q

The ages at which a person enters a new crisis in Erikson’s theory are?

A 
Birth
1 year 
3 years 
6 years 
12 years
18 years 
30 years 
Old age
47
Q

Behaviourist theorists include

A

Pavlov
Watson
Skinner
Bandura

48
Q

The primary constructs of behaviouralism are?

A 
Classical conditioning 
Operant conditioning 
Reinforcement 
Observational learning 
Self-efficacy
49
Q

Piagets stages are the?

A

Cognitive development stages

50
Q

How many cognitive development stages are there in Piagets theory?

A

4

51
Q

What are the 4 cognitive development stages in Piagets theory?

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

52
Q

In Piagets theory of cognitive development the sensorimotor stage occurs at the age of and involves?

A

Birth-2
Reflexes
Coordination of reflexes

53
Q

In Piagets theory of cognitive development the Preoperational stage occurs at the age of, and includes?

A

2-6/7
Self-oriented
Egocentric

54
Q

In Piagets theory of cognitive development the concrete operational stage occurs at the age of, and involves?

A

6/7-11/12
More than 1 point of view
No abstract problems
Consider some outcomes

55
Q

In Piagets theory of cognitive development the formal operational stage occurs at the age of, and includes?

A

11/12 and up
Abstract thought
Theoretical reasoning
(Not all people reach this stage)

56
Q

Vygotsky believes that cognitive development is a result of children’s interaction with the _________ world rather than the _________ world.

A

Social

Physical

57
Q

Vygotsky believed that ______ comes before ________!!

A

Language
Before
Cognition

58
Q

Vygotsky Believed that children learn to converse with words _________ before they began to ______ with words __________ .

A

Socially
Think
Privately

59
Q

Cognitive development is influx end but the language of the child’s _________.

A

Culture

60
Q

Kohlberg focused his studies on?

A

Moral development

61
Q

Kohlberg suggested that children’s understandings of morality are based upon?

A

Advanced understandings of social justice

62
Q

Kohlbergs theory advances in a stage like manner dependent on

A

Cognitive development

63
Q

The three levels of Kohlbergs theory of moral development are:

A

Preconventional morality
Conventional morality
Post-conventional morality

64
Q

Kohlbergs Post- conventional morality can be divided into two stages:

A

Punishment/obedience (whatever leads to punishment must be wrong)

Rewards (whatever leads to rewards must be right)

65
Q

The two stages of Kohlbergs conventional morality are:

A

Good intentions (conforming to ways known as good behaviour)

Obedience to authority (doing one duty)

66
Q

The two stages within Kohlbergs level of post-conventional morality are:

A

Difference between moral and legal right (rules should sometimes be broken)

Individual principles of conscience (accounts for the affects on everyone)

67
Q

The most concerning moral dilemma in the pre conventional stage is whether:

A

The behaviour is right or wrong and is therefore rewarded or punished

68
Q

The most important dilemma in conventional morality is:

A

The view of others and ovoid since of blame/ seeking approval

69
Q

The most important dilemma in the post conventional level of moral development is/

A

The abstract notion of justice. Rights of others can override obedience to rules/ laws.

70
Q

What was bowlbys theory?

A

Attachment

71
Q

The main 3 points in Bowlbys theory suggest:

A

The relationship with caregivers affects subsequent relationships

We are biological predisposed to form relationships for survival

Early relationships establish mental models to guide ongoing behaviour

72
Q

Levinson was known for?

A

Developmental research during adulthood and in particular mid life

73
Q

Levinsons theory Adult lives consist of periods of alternation which include:

A 
Stable functioning (life structures) 
and 
Developmental upheaval (transitions)
74
Q

Levinson suggests that ____ ______ and ______ are reevaluated during transitions.

A

Life goals

Activities

75
Q

Paul Baltes was known for his research in developmental psychology for his focus on :

A

Balances and losses

76
Q

In later life Baltes suggested that ______ predominate over _______ in latter life.

A

Losses

Gains

77
Q

Baltes theory suggested that development continues through what 3 processes?

A

SOC

selection
Optimisation
Compensation

78
Q

SOC stands for In detail?

A

Selecting - particular abilities
Optimising - abilities through practice and new technologies
Compensating- for losses of other abilities by finding other ways to accomplish tasks

Life Span Development (10 decks)

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