Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Linguistics > Word Classes And Devloping Lexicon > Flashcards

Word Classes And Devloping Lexicon Flashcards

1
Q

What cues do babies use to segment the speech stream

A

-Prosodic cues(rhythm, stress pattern and intonation of speech)
-phonotactic cues (language specific syllable structure, consonant clusters and vowel sequences)
-words in isolation (around 10%)
-statistical cues (transitional probabilities refer to the likelihood of one syllable being followed by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two tasks does learning words involve

A

1)extract form from the sound wave (there are no consistent silences between words)
2)extract meaning from the situation (why acquiring the meaning of words is a problem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the mapping problem

A

-even if somthing is explicitly labelled in the input. How does the child know what specifically the word refers to?
-an infinite number of hypothesis’s about word meaning are possible given the input the child has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the extension problem

A

-what to extend the problem to
-if a child hears her father say dog and learns that the word dog refers to her pet dog this isn’t enough as the word dog can refer to many types of dogs
-children do make many over and under extension errors in early word learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Joint attention

A

-the ability to establish join attention and the ability to. Understand the speakers communicate intent
-from the age of about 10-12 months children actively attend to eye gaze and gestures to share joint attention reliably
-adults tend to talk to infants about entities and events that are physically present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is fast mapping

A

-children begin by making an initial fast mapping between a new word they hear and its likely meaning
-they guess and then modify the guess as more input comes in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cues to and biases on word meaning

A

-children assume that words are used in certain ways
-these assumptions also called biases, facilitate learning word meaning by favouring certain kinds of hypothesis over others
-they are part of the learning mechanism and must fade as children grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is whole object bias

A
  • a tendency to associate words with wholes
  • when children hear a term for an object for which they have no name yet they assume the unfamiliar label picks out the whole object
  • a novel label is likely to refer to the whole object and not to its parts, substance or other properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Taxonomic assumption

A

-labels refer to objects of the same kind rather than to objects that are thematically related
-two objects are the thematically related if they are linked by some relation: casual, spatial, temporal or other (cow an milk)
-two objects are taxonomically related if they belong in the same catergory (cow and pig)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is mutuL exclusivity assumption

A

-words are mutually exclusive, each objet will only have one and only one label
-at first whole object bias , if it already has a label then new label must be for somthing else
Or pressure by the mutual exclusivity bias- they assume that the novel word refers to the substance or a part of the object
-children will initially reject multiple labels for the same object if they already have a dog they will not accept the term animal or spaniel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 criteria for determining the word class of word

A

The meaning of the word (semantic features)
Form or shape of a word
The position or environment of a word in a sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The meaning of a word (semantic features)

A

-it allows us to determine word classes by replacing words in a sentence with words of a similar meaning
-my son cools/prepares/eats dinner every Sunday
-however this approach does have limitations
-the definition of a noun as a word denoting a person, place, or thing excludes abstract nouns eg happiness
-similarity to say that verbs are action words excludes a verb like be as in i want to be happy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Form or shape of a word

A

-some words can be assigned to a word class on the basis of their form or shape
-tion ending communication
-ible eg visible
-many words also take on inflections= regular changes in their form under certain conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The position or environment of a word in a sentence

A

-this criteria refers to where words typically occur in a sentence and the kinds of words which typically occur in a sentence and the kinds of words which typically occur near to them
-i cook diner every Sunday or the cook is on holiday

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many words at 13 months

A

10 worda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many words at 18 months

A

50 words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many words at 24 months

A

310 words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At 50 words (18 months) what is the most common type. Of word

A

Nouns eg dog ball milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acquisition of verbs vs nouns

A

-children’s early productive vocabulary consists mainly of nouns
-verbs appear later
-the meanings of nouns can be fixed by relying on a word to world mapping the word is mapped onto the object which it refers
-ongoing scene is open to multiple linguistic descriptions- difficult to figure out what the meaning of a verb is by looking at a scene

20
Q

What is the noun bias

A
  • noun dominated early vocabulary
    -data from English, Spanish and Hebrew suggest a universal noun before verb preference
    -however in Korean and mandarin its the other way round
21
Q

What is the word spurt

A

-after their first word, children add an average of 8-11 words to their vocabularies each month
-words produced don’t necessarily become permanent additons to the child’s vocabulary
-after around 50 words there is an increase to an average 22-37 words a month

22
Q

What is a verb

A

-express action or event
-donate state and relationships (seem, compare)
-sensory perception
-donate cognitive processes (doubt, think)

23
Q

What is a morphological feature

A

-tense making eg laugh or laughed
-some verbs are irregular like go went gone

24
Q

What are the three subclasses of verbs

A

Modal, auxiliary, lexical

25
Q

What is an auxiliary verb

A

-be, have, do
-helping verbs
-common function is to carry tense making
-cannot be the only verb in a sentence

26
Q

What is a lexcial verb

A

-cannot form a question or negative sentence
-auxiliary verb is needed as well

27
Q

What is a modal verb

A

-express either expectation, evaluation, or judgment on whether an event was or is likely to happen:
May can must

28
Q

What is a noun

A

-open word class
-tend to be accountable
-

29
Q

Syntactic criteria of nouns

A

-nouns most frequently combine with determiners
-eg i read a book vs i read book

30
Q

What are open class words

A

Include parts of speech that can easily add new words and have a more flexible structure. Examples include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. These classes are open to expansion as new words are coined, borrowed or invented

31
Q

What are closed word classes

A

Closed word classes include parts of speech that have a more rigid structure and are less receptive to the addition of new worfs. Examples of closed word classes are pronouns, conjunctions and prepositions. These classes have a fixed set of words and do not really accept new additions.

32
Q

What is a pronoun

A

-pronouns occur in the same postions in sentences as nouns
-but not possessive pronouns eg my
-

33
Q

What is an adjective

A

-describing words which modify a noun
-often placed directly before the noun they modify

34
Q

What is an adverb

A

-modify words other than nouns
-adverbs express info about time, manner, place, frequently
-usually end in ly

35
Q

What is a determiner

A

-occur in phrases with nouns
-belong to a closed word class

36
Q

Articles

A

A, an , the

37
Q

Possessiveness

A

My, you, his, her, its, our, their, whose

38
Q

Demonstratives

A

This, that, those, these

39
Q

Numerals

A

One, two, three, four

40
Q

Ordinals

A

First second next last

41
Q

Quantifiera

A

Many, few, some, every, much, any, less

42
Q

What is a preposition

A

-where somthing is
-have an unchangeable form (after, form, for, in, on, about)
-closed word class
-define relationships between wrods

43
Q

What is a conjunction

A

Link together other linguistic units a closed word class

44
Q

Coordinator

A

And, or, but
Joining of two elements which have equal syntactic statist and are usually same kind

45
Q

Subcorinator

A

Because, if whether

46
Q

What does is mean if two objects are thematically related

A

Linked by relation eg spatial temporal casual eg milk and cow

Linguistics (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions