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Linguistics > Pragmatics And Semantics > Flashcards

Pragmatics And Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

Semantics

A

A theory or framework to describe word meaning applicable to all languages

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2
Q

Pragmatics

A

The branch of linguistics dealing with language used in social context, including above sentence level eg discourse of narrative

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3
Q

Sentence

A

A string of words following grammatical rules, grammatically complete

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4
Q

Utterance

A

Use of speech on a particular occasion, an action

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5
Q

Deictic expression

A

Pointing via language
Eg here, then, this, yesterday, i, him

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6
Q

Anaphora

A
  • Anaphora- a deictic expression referring to an already introduced entity.
  • Martin didn’t answer when he was asked about his wife.
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7
Q

Meaning as a referent

A
  • An utterance can refer to an object ie it is a referent.
  • Therefore its meaning is dependant on that object.
  • An ear (phrase) = a physical ear
  • In some cases one phrase is always linked to one referent eg the pope.
  • In many cases multiple phrases refer to the same referent eg capital of Thailand and Bangkok.
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8
Q

Synthetic

A
  • My house is warm- synthetic (adding information)
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9
Q

Analytic

A
  • My house has a roof- analytic (implicitly understood)
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10
Q

Contradictory

A
  • My house has no walls- contradictory (implicitly known to be false)
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11
Q

Lexical relations

A
  • Lexical relations explain a words meaning in relation to other words.
  • What is the meaning of ‘big’
  • Another word for ‘large’ = synonym
  • The opposite of ‘small’ = antonym
  • What is the meaning of ‘daffodil’
  • A kind of flower = hyponym
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12
Q

Hyponym

A

Hyponyms
- The meaning of one word is included in another eg ‘red’ (subordinate) ‘Scarlett’ (hyponym)
- A hyponym can be considered the intension of a word ie all cows are animals but not all animals are cows.

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13
Q

Synonym

A
  • The relation between two words that have the same/ similar sense:
  • The theif tried to hide/conceal the evidence.
  • The word choices differ in terms of stylistic, social usage and dialect associations but have the same cognitive meaning.
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14
Q

Antonyms

A
  • Basically, oppositness of meaning.
  • This can be further categorised:
  • Binary- a pair whose meanings together exhaust all meanings eg true/false, same/different, dead/alive.
  • Converses, same relationship but opposite order eg parent/child, below/above, own/belong.
  • Gradable- opposite of a scale eg tall/short, hot/cold, love/hate.
  • Multi incompatibles- more than one difference eg chalk/cheese, ram/hen.
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15
Q

What is discourse

A
  • It requires utterances generated by two or more conversational partners
  • Co-text is generated
  • Context (the whole of the relevant societal circumstances: assumed shared knowledge, nonverbal communication) is required to interrupt each others meaning.
  • Level of shared knowledge determines how well you can infer meaning and is dependant on how well you know each other.
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16
Q

Code model

A
  • This offers a basic model for explaining conversation.
  • Information source- produces message.
  • Transmitter- encodes message.
  • Channel- signals adapted for transmission.
  • Receiver- receives signals and decodes it.
17
Q

Problems with code model

A
  • It cannot explain how a conversation partner interprets:
  • Ambiguity: I’m here now
  • Reference: ill wait for you on the bench
  • Non literalness: give me a minute.
  • Indirectness: put kettle on
18
Q

Assertive

A
  • Assertive: this is a great school (to commit to the speaker a truth)
19
Q

Directives

A
  • Directives: pass the butter (to get heater to do something)
20
Q

Expressives

A
  • Expressives: I love the french coast (to express psychological state of speaker to the propositional content of the utterance)
21
Q

Declarations

A
  • Declarations: with this ring I wed (to directly enact meaning of words)
22
Q

Cooperative principle

A
  • Our talk exhales are to some degree at least cooperative efforts (Grice,1989)
  • Contextual conditions supersede all other criteria and taxonomy. SA theory does not adequately take this into account.
    Grimes conversational maxims
  • A means to describe conversation not perspective.
  • Quantity- as much information as required, not more.
  • Quality- truthful, not lacking in evidence.
  • Relation- relevant.
  • Manner- avoiding obscurity and ambiguity. Brief and orderly.
23
Q

Grimes conversational maxims

A
  • A means to describe conversation not perspective.
  • Quantity- as much information as required, not more.
  • Quality- truthful, not lacking in evidence.
  • Relation- relevant.
  • Manner- avoiding obscurity and ambiguity. Brief and orderly.
24
Q

Conversational implicatures

A
  • Grice described making conversational implicatures, eg using contextual factors and conversational conventions to inform our interpretation of speaker meaning.
  • These change according to:
  • The conversational partner
  • The context
  • Speakers intentions
  • Speakers and hearers beliefs
  • What is in the common ground/shared beliefs?
25
Q

Coherence vs cohesion

A
  • Cohesion (explicit links):
  • It was freeing SO I got a coat (causal linking words)
  • I’ve broken my phone I am lost without IT (anaphoric deictic expression)
  • Coherence (implicit links):
  • It was raining, I came back”
26
Q

Story grammar

A
  • Cohesion conjunctive devices link narrative elects in a particular way, demonstrating different degrees of narrative skill.
  • Additive: And, or, furthermore, similarly, in addition
  • Adversative: but, however, on the other hand, never the less.
  • Casual: so, because, consequently, for this reason, it follows that.
  • Temporal: then, after that, whilst, finally, during.
  • Cohersion can be generated by the use of co reference ie linking two lexical items referring to the same thing.
27
Q

Repetition

A
  • Repetition: the boy and the dog walked all the way home. By the time they got home the boy and the dog were exhausted.
  • Complexity of cohesion develops with age and linguistic competence.
28
Q

Partial repetition

A
  • Partial repetition: the store manager had word for the company for 30 years. On the last day the team presented the manager with a framed certificate.
29
Q

Lexical replacement

A
  • Lexical replacement: the band arrived at the party late. The performers got straight to work setting up their instruments.
30
Q

Pronoun substitution

A
  • Pronoun substitution: at the end of the night the band packed away again. They set off in their van as soon as they were ready.
31
Q

Elision

A
  • Elision: spring is a great time of the yearq but summer is ( ) too.
32
Q

Macro story features

A
  • Character descriptions (internal states)
  • Setting descriptions (when and where)
  • Initiating event
  • Plan
  • Action
  • Complication
  • Consequence
33
Q

Narrative discourse

A
  • A narrative is also fundamentally interactive.
  • It requires making the strory engaging and meaningful for the listener.
  • Recognising and adjusting to listner needs.
  • Offering more or less information so required.
  • Repairing breakdown in understanding.
  • Making the key points clear.
34
Q

How would semantic and pragmatic difficulties manifest in clinical populations

A
  • Difficulties when turn taking
  • Difficulties responsding to conversation partner needs
  • Less proficient event narration
  • Poor interpretation of inferred meaning
  • Word finding difficulties
  • Limitations in word knowledge

Linguistics (21 decks)

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