Early Words And Developing Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

What predominates speech in the first 3 months

A
  • vowel articulations predominate the first 3 months
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2
Q

What happens in the development of speech at 6 months

A

Pre babbling, most consonantal sounds are produced in the back of the mouth eg k,g

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3
Q

What happens in the development of speech at 9 months

A

With the onset of babbling there is a marked shift toward front consonants eg m, b, d and cvc sequences

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4
Q

What happens to the development of sounds at 12 months

A

The productions sound more speech like

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5
Q

what happens to the development of sounds at 18 months

A

Children may go through a jargon stage where they appear to be talking but few words are recogniseable

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6
Q

What are the three criteria for a word

A

-phonetic form systematically linked to context
-child’s form resembles adult target
-pattern of correspondance between child and adult form

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7
Q

What are the first 50 words like

A

May not show clear patterns of speech sound use e
At around 50 words we start to see patterns

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8
Q

What are the first kinds of words to develop in most languages
Eg plosives, fricatives, nasals, glottal, approximates

A

Plosives, nasals and approximates

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9
Q

How does phonological development differ for those who are bilingual

A

-presence of phonemes not in English eg voiced rétroflexe approximately and voiceless dental plosives
-word phoneme distribution varies according to different languages

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10
Q

What are early words likely to be like

A

-less than 3 syllables
-unlikely to have consonant clusters

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11
Q

Phonology

A

Description of the system of phonemes in a language

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12
Q

Phonetic level of speech sounds

A

Physical forms that are a result of physiological processes and have objectively mesureable acoustic properties

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13
Q

Phonemic level or phonemes

A

Abstract, they are not a concrete physical entity and are defined only in term of their linguistic function

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14
Q

Allophone

A

Variations in realisations which dont affect how we recognise a sound or a word
Eg the l in light and role

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15
Q

Phoneme

A

Where a contrasting sound impacts on meaning eg light vs tight

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16
Q

A minimal pair

A

Is when two words differ only by one feature of a sound and as a result the words carry different meanings
Must differ in one of these three, voicing, manner and place

17
Q

What are the 3 phonological processes

A

1)syllable structure processes
2)systemic processes
3)assimilation processes

18
Q

What is a phonological process

A

Patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
Diagnosed when the same processes is used 5 or more occasions

19
Q

What is syllable structure process

A

Sound changes that cause sounds to be reduced, omitted or repeated

20
Q

What is the systemic processes

A

Sound changes in which one class of sound is replaced by another

21
Q

Assimilation process

A

Describe change in which a sound becomes similar to or is influenced by a neighbouring sound often groups together as consonant harmony

22
Q

What are the 4 processes of syllable structure process

A

1)réduplication
2)weak syllable deletion
3)cluster reduction
4)final consonant deletion

23
Q

what is réduplication

A

2nd syllable becomes a replication of the first one eg water - wcwc

24
Q

What is weak syllable deletion

A

Omission of an unstressed syllable banana - nane

25
What is cluster reduction
Simplification of consonant clusters eg spoon - bun
26
What is final consonant deletion
No consonant at the end of syllable
27
What is the systemic process- place of articulation
Fronting: velar (sometimes post alveolar) fronting key- ti Backing:alveolar, post alveolr become velar Not commone in typically developing children
28
What are the 4 processes of systemic process manner of articulation
Stopping Gliding Deaffrication Vocalisation
29
what is stopping
Fricatives and affricates are substituted for plosives
30
What is gliding
Liquids are substituted by glides usually involves replacing /i/ and /r/ with /w/ or /y/ red=wed
31
Deaffrication
Modification of the affricate feature eg chip= tip
32
Vocalisation/ vowelisation
Liquid sounds replaced with vowels When the I or er sounds are replaced with a vowel
33
Systemic processes: voicing changes
Voicing- voicing of a normally voiceless plosive occurs in the onset of a syllable pig= big Devoicing- occurs in syllable final voiced phonemes before a pause bad= baet
34
Velar assimilation
A non velar sound changes to a velar sound due to presence of a neighbouring velar sound
35
Nasal assimilation
An oral sound changes to a nasal sound due to the presence of a nasal sound
36
Progressive assimilation
The trigger comes before the target eg (taet) for tag where the final /g/ becomes /t/ influenced by initial /t/
37
Anticipatory assimilation
The sound that changes comes earlier in the word than the trigger
38
Consonant harmony
Occurs where there is assimilation and the consonants produced are identical as in kaek