Early Words And Developing Phonology Flashcards
What predominates speech in the first 3 months
- vowel articulations predominate the first 3 months
What happens in the development of speech at 6 months
Pre babbling, most consonantal sounds are produced in the back of the mouth eg k,g
What happens in the development of speech at 9 months
With the onset of babbling there is a marked shift toward front consonants eg m, b, d and cvc sequences
What happens to the development of sounds at 12 months
The productions sound more speech like
what happens to the development of sounds at 18 months
Children may go through a jargon stage where they appear to be talking but few words are recogniseable
What are the three criteria for a word
-phonetic form systematically linked to context
-child’s form resembles adult target
-pattern of correspondance between child and adult form
What are the first 50 words like
May not show clear patterns of speech sound use e
At around 50 words we start to see patterns
What are the first kinds of words to develop in most languages
Eg plosives, fricatives, nasals, glottal, approximates
Plosives, nasals and approximates
How does phonological development differ for those who are bilingual
-presence of phonemes not in English eg voiced rétroflexe approximately and voiceless dental plosives
-word phoneme distribution varies according to different languages
What are early words likely to be like
-less than 3 syllables
-unlikely to have consonant clusters
Phonology
Description of the system of phonemes in a language
Phonetic level of speech sounds
Physical forms that are a result of physiological processes and have objectively mesureable acoustic properties
Phonemic level or phonemes
Abstract, they are not a concrete physical entity and are defined only in term of their linguistic function
Allophone
Variations in realisations which dont affect how we recognise a sound or a word
Eg the l in light and role
Phoneme
Where a contrasting sound impacts on meaning eg light vs tight
A minimal pair
Is when two words differ only by one feature of a sound and as a result the words carry different meanings
Must differ in one of these three, voicing, manner and place
What are the 3 phonological processes
1)syllable structure processes
2)systemic processes
3)assimilation processes
What is a phonological process
Patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
Diagnosed when the same processes is used 5 or more occasions
What is syllable structure process
Sound changes that cause sounds to be reduced, omitted or repeated
What is the systemic processes
Sound changes in which one class of sound is replaced by another
Assimilation process
Describe change in which a sound becomes similar to or is influenced by a neighbouring sound often groups together as consonant harmony
What are the 4 processes of syllable structure process
1)réduplication
2)weak syllable deletion
3)cluster reduction
4)final consonant deletion
what is réduplication
2nd syllable becomes a replication of the first one eg water - wcwc
What is weak syllable deletion
Omission of an unstressed syllable banana - nane
What is cluster reduction
Simplification of consonant clusters eg spoon - bun
What is final consonant deletion
No consonant at the end of syllable
What is the systemic process- place of articulation
Fronting: velar (sometimes post alveolar) fronting key- ti
Backing:alveolar, post alveolr become velar
Not commone in typically developing children
What are the 4 processes of systemic process manner of articulation
Stopping
Gliding
Deaffrication
Vocalisation
what is stopping
Fricatives and affricates are substituted for plosives
What is gliding
Liquids are substituted by glides usually involves replacing /i/ and /r/ with /w/ or /y/ red=wed
Deaffrication
Modification of the affricate feature eg chip= tip
Vocalisation/ vowelisation
Liquid sounds replaced with vowels
When the I or er sounds are replaced with a vowel
Systemic processes: voicing changes
Voicing- voicing of a normally voiceless plosive occurs in the onset of a syllable pig= big
Devoicing- occurs in syllable final voiced phonemes before a pause bad= baet
Velar assimilation
A non velar sound changes to a velar sound due to presence of a neighbouring velar sound
Nasal assimilation
An oral sound changes to a nasal sound due to the presence of a nasal sound
Progressive assimilation
The trigger comes before the target eg (taet) for tag where the final /g/ becomes /t/ influenced by initial /t/
Anticipatory assimilation
The sound that changes comes earlier in the word than the trigger
Consonant harmony
Occurs where there is assimilation and the consonants produced are identical as in kaek
