Early Words And Developing Phonology

Question 1

What predominates speech in the first 3 months

Answer 1

• vowel articulations predominate the first 3 months

Question 2

What happens in the development of speech at 6 months

Answer 2

Pre babbling, most consonantal sounds are produced in the back of the mouth eg k,g

Question 3

What happens in the development of speech at 9 months

Answer 3

With the onset of babbling there is a marked shift toward front consonants eg m, b, d and cvc sequences

Question 4

What happens to the development of sounds at 12 months

Answer 4

The productions sound more speech like

Question 5

what happens to the development of sounds at 18 months

Answer 5

Children may go through a jargon stage where they appear to be talking but few words are recogniseable

Question 6

What are the three criteria for a word

Answer 6

-phonetic form systematically linked to context
-child’s form resembles adult target
-pattern of correspondance between child and adult form

Question 7

What are the first 50 words like

Answer 7

May not show clear patterns of speech sound use e
At around 50 words we start to see patterns

Question 8

What are the first kinds of words to develop in most languages
Eg plosives, fricatives, nasals, glottal, approximates

Answer 8

Plosives, nasals and approximates

Question 9

How does phonological development differ for those who are bilingual

Answer 9

-presence of phonemes not in English eg voiced rétroflexe approximately and voiceless dental plosives
-word phoneme distribution varies according to different languages

Question 10

What are early words likely to be like

Answer 10

-less than 3 syllables
-unlikely to have consonant clusters

Question 11

Phonology

Answer 11

Description of the system of phonemes in a language

Question 12

Phonetic level of speech sounds

Answer 12

Physical forms that are a result of physiological processes and have objectively mesureable acoustic properties

Question 13

Phonemic level or phonemes

Answer 13

Abstract, they are not a concrete physical entity and are defined only in term of their linguistic function

Question 14

Allophone

Answer 14

Variations in realisations which dont affect how we recognise a sound or a word
Eg the l in light and role

Question 15

Phoneme

Answer 15

Where a contrasting sound impacts on meaning eg light vs tight

Question 16

A minimal pair

Answer 16

Is when two words differ only by one feature of a sound and as a result the words carry different meanings
Must differ in one of these three, voicing, manner and place

Question 17

What are the 3 phonological processes

Answer 17

1)syllable structure processes
2)systemic processes
3)assimilation processes

Question 18

What is a phonological process

Answer 18

Patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
Diagnosed when the same processes is used 5 or more occasions

Question 19

What is syllable structure process

Answer 19

Sound changes that cause sounds to be reduced, omitted or repeated

Question 20

What is the systemic processes

Answer 20

Sound changes in which one class of sound is replaced by another

Question 21

Assimilation process

Answer 21

Describe change in which a sound becomes similar to or is influenced by a neighbouring sound often groups together as consonant harmony

Question 22

What are the 4 processes of syllable structure process

Answer 22

1)réduplication
2)weak syllable deletion
3)cluster reduction
4)final consonant deletion

Question 23

what is réduplication

Answer 23

2nd syllable becomes a replication of the first one eg water - wcwc

Question 24

What is weak syllable deletion

Answer 24

Omission of an unstressed syllable banana - nane

Question 25

What is cluster reduction

Answer 25

Simplification of consonant clusters eg spoon - bun

Question 26

What is final consonant deletion

Answer 26

No consonant at the end of syllable

Question 27

What is the systemic process- place of articulation

Answer 27

Fronting: velar (sometimes post alveolar) fronting key- ti
Backing:alveolar, post alveolr become velar
Not commone in typically developing children

Question 28

What are the 4 processes of systemic process manner of articulation

Answer 28

Stopping
Gliding
Deaffrication
Vocalisation

Question 29

what is stopping

Answer 29

Fricatives and affricates are substituted for plosives

Question 30

What is gliding

Answer 30

Liquids are substituted by glides usually involves replacing /i/ and /r/ with /w/ or /y/ red=wed

Question 31

Deaffrication

Answer 31

Modification of the affricate feature eg chip= tip

Question 32

Vocalisation/ vowelisation

Answer 32

Liquid sounds replaced with vowels
When the I or er sounds are replaced with a vowel

Question 33

Systemic processes: voicing changes

Answer 33

Voicing- voicing of a normally voiceless plosive occurs in the onset of a syllable pig= big
Devoicing- occurs in syllable final voiced phonemes before a pause bad= baet

Question 34

Velar assimilation

Answer 34

A non velar sound changes to a velar sound due to presence of a neighbouring velar sound

Question 35

Nasal assimilation

Answer 35

An oral sound changes to a nasal sound due to the presence of a nasal sound

Question 36

Progressive assimilation

Answer 36

The trigger comes before the target eg (taet) for tag where the final /g/ becomes /t/ influenced by initial /t/

Question 37

Anticipatory assimilation

Answer 37

The sound that changes comes earlier in the word than the trigger

Question 38

Consonant harmony

Answer 38

Occurs where there is assimilation and the consonants produced are identical as in kaek