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Linguistics > Functions Within Sentences > Flashcards

Functions Within Sentences Flashcards

1
Q

What is a complement

A

The elements required by the verb
Complements cannot be omitted without the grammaticality of the sentence being affected

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2
Q

What is an adjunct

A

Optional element that can appear in the predicate
Adjuncts can occur in sentence structure regardless of the verbs transititivity pattern

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3
Q

What additional meaning do adjuncts provide

A

Additional meaning connected to when, where, how or why but not what or who

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4
Q

What are verbs that do not require complements in order to express a complete meaning called

A

Intransitive

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5
Q

Do transitive verbs need a complement to complete their meaning

A

Yes

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6
Q

Transitive verbs and direct objects

A

-direct objects are obligatory and so if omitted they are ungrammatical
-tend to occur near the verb

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7
Q

What happens when direct object is realised by a pronoun

A

The pronoun carries accusative
The dog chased him

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8
Q

Distransitive verbs

A

Refers to those verbs which require not one but two verb complements or objects in addition to the subject

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9
Q

Indirect objects and distransitive verbs

A

-indirect objects usually describes a recipient or beneficiary of the action denoted by the verb
-indirect objects are/ have largely NP’s, carrying object case if pronominal, potential for becoming the subject of a passive voice sentence.
Indirect objects can also be expressed as NP’s embedded in a pp headed by ‘to’ or ‘for’

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10
Q

What do copulative verbs require

A

Complement

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11
Q

What are copulative verbs

A

Closed set
Be, become, seem, appear

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12
Q

What does the Subject complement do

A

The subject complement predicates somthing about the subject, often attributing a property to the referent of the subject NP

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13
Q

Complex transitive verbs require two elements …

A

An object followed by a complement which predicates somthing of the referent of the direct object

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14
Q

What does predicate mean

A

the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g. went home in John went home ).

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15
Q

What does the object complement do

A

Describes an attribut of the direct object
They called him an expert.

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16
Q

Complex transitive verbs and object complements

A

-they called him an expert
NP[him] and NP [an expert] refer to one and the same person
-DO can be passivised
They made him president
He was made president

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17
Q

What are the two main basic word orders used in the world

A

SVO
SOV

18
Q

Semantic roles

A

Refers to the semantic relationship between a predicate especially a verb and its argument in a sentence
Can be called semantic or thematic roles

19
Q

Agent

A

Doer of an action

20
Q

Theme

A

Undergoes action/change or is moved

21
Q

The donkey pushed the pig
Identify the agent and the theme

A

Agent- donkey
Theme- the pig

22
Q

Goal

A

Entity towards which motion takes place or change is orientated

23
Q

He returned a book to the library
Identify the goal in this sentence

A

To the library

24
Q

Recipient

A

A special kind of goal associad with verbs expressing a change in ownership, possession

25
Q

The teacher sent his parents a letter
Identify the recipient in this sentence

A

His parents

26
Q

Source

A

Entity from which a motion takes place or the beginning point of change (opposite of goal)

27
Q

Location

A

Place where action occurs

28
Q

The dog was running in the park
Identify the location

A

In the park

29
Q

Instrument

A

Object with which an action is performed

30
Q

The man opened the door with the key
Identify the instrument

A

With the key

31
Q

Stimulus

A

Specifies the content or the trigger of the state

32
Q

Experiencer

A

Perceptual, mental or emotional state

33
Q

Identify the stimulus and Experiencer of this sentence
John enjoyed the novel

A

Experience- john
Stimulus- the novel

34
Q

Reversible

A

Either entity could be associated with either semantic role

35
Q

Example of reversible activity

A

The cow kicked the donkey

36
Q

Example of reversible passives

A

The donkey was kicked by the cow

37
Q

Non reversible

A

Only one entity can plausibly be agent

38
Q

Non reversible activités

A

The mouse at the cheese

39
Q

Non reversible passives

A

The cheese was eaten by the mouse

40
Q

A new drug has been debated by GP’s
Is this sentence non-/reversible active/passive

A

Non reversible passive
Reversible active

Linguistics (21 decks)

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