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WO & SP DT II > WOP Lecture 8: Communication and Power > Flashcards

WOP Lecture 8: Communication and Power Flashcards

1
Q

communication =

A

the process by which information is transmitted and understood between people

dus info = transmitted AND understood

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2
Q

importance of communication

A
  • coordinating tasks
  • sharing info
  • well-being
  • changing behaviour
  • decision making
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3
Q

effective communication

A
  • transmitting intended meaning
  • takes 2
  • accurately deciphered by the receiver
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4
Q

4 factors of effective communication

A
  1. similar codebooks
  2. sender is experienced in encoding
  3. sender + receiver have motivation and ability to use communication medium
  4. shared mental models
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5
Q

digital written communication steeds meer door:

A
  • generational preferences
  • meer opties -> emerging workplace communication platforms
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6
Q

welke communication channels meest gebruikt

A
  • email, maar daalt
  • steeds meer chatten
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7
Q

digital written communication benefits

A
  • quick
  • many people
  • search engines
  • preferred for sending well defined information for coordinating work
  • increases upward communication
  • reduces status differences beetje
  • reduces stereotyping and prejudice, but only if the sender is aware of this
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8
Q

nadelen digital written communication

A
  • geen emoties
  • informeel of rude
  • inefficient for ambiguous situations
  • information overload!!!!
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9
Q

verschil verbal and nonverbal communication

A

non-verbal:
- less bound
- mostly automatic, nonconscious

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10
Q

emotional contagion

A

Nonconscious process of sharing another person’s emotions by mimicking that person’s facial expressions and other nonverbal behavior

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11
Q

3 functies van emotional contagion

A
  1. gives feedback
  2. improves meaning making of others emotion -> begrijpen
  3. drive to bond
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12
Q

synchronous channel

A

communicate at the same time -> hoorcollege, bellen

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13
Q

asynchronous channel

A

communicate at different time -> email

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14
Q

which medium (asynchronous/synchronous) depends on:

A

time urgency
complexity of process
cost of synchronous comm
do you need time to reflect

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15
Q

social presence

A

Extent that the channel creates psychological closeness to others, awareness of their humanness, and appreciation of the interpersonal relationship

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16
Q

wanneer heb je social presence nodig

A

als je empathie moet hebben of influence

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17
Q

social acceptance

A

extend to which others support the use of that medium

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18
Q

social acceptance depends on

A

team norms
individual preferences
symbolic meaning of the channel

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19
Q

media richness

A

The channel’s data-carrying capacity is the volume and variety of information that can be transmitted during a specific time

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20
Q

high media richness =

A
  • Conveys multiple cues
  • Allows timely feedback
  • Allows customized message
  • Permits complex symbols
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21
Q

overloaded zone

A

medium provides too much data-carrying capacity

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22
Q

oversimplified zone

A

meidum provides too little data carrying capacity

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23
Q

which is the most ambiguous en meest rich

A

face to face

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24
Q

welke is meest routine en lean medium

A

financial statements

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25
Q

waarom is het media richness theory niet goed voor digital channels

A
  • je kan multicommunicaten via lean channels
  • more varied proficiency levels
  • lean channels have less social distraction than do media rich channels
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26
Q

barriers in communication

A

perceptual processes
language
jargon
filtering
information overload

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27
Q

information overload

A

Job’s information load exceeds person’s information
processing capacity

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28
Q

oplossing information overload

A

increase capacity
reduce information

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29
Q

cross cultural communication

A

language
voice intonation differences
different meaning of silences
nonverbal differences

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30
Q

differences men and women: women

A

rapport
indirect
deferential conversation style
apologize more
nonverbal beter opmerken

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31
Q

differences men and women: men

A

report
direct
dominant conversation style
apologize less often
less sensitive for nonverbal

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32
Q

get your message across

A

empathize
repeat
use timing effectively
be descriptive

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33
Q

3 aspects active listening

A

sensing, evaluating, responding

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34
Q

power=

A

the capacity of a person/team/org to influence others

(POTENTIAL!!!)

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35
Q

3 aspecten van power

A
  • based on targets perception that powerholder controls a valuable resource
  • unequal dependence
  • requires a minimal level of trust
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36
Q

person A =

A

power holder

37
Q

person A heeft…

A

resources that help or hinder persons Bs goals

38
Q

countervailing power =

A

the capacity of a person, team, or organization to keep a more powerful person or group in the exchange relationship

39
Q

5 power sources

A

reward
expert
coercive
referent
legitimate

40
Q

contingencies of power

A

nonsubstitutability
centrality
visibility
discretion

41
Q

legitimate power

A

power because of their position, they can request behaviours from others. het is logisch dat zij iets vragen

42
Q

legitimate power 3 aspects

A
  • zone of indifference: what u are willing to do
  • norm of reciprocity
  • information control: right to control info others receive
43
Q

expert power

A

door knowledge or skills that you have, that they value

44
Q

what is an important form of expert power

A

managing uncertainties

45
Q

coping with uncertainties:

A
  • org. operate better in predictable environments
  • people gain power by using their expertise to: prevent, forecast and absorb environmental changes
46
Q

reward power

A

control rewards, remove negative sanctions

47
Q

coercive power

A

apply punishment

48
Q

referent power

A

capacity to influence others through respect. heeft te maken met charisma

49
Q

power increases with…

A

nonsubstatibility

50
Q

nonsubstitutability

A
  • resources have few sources
  • resources have few substitutes
51
Q

increasing nonsubstitutability

A

differentiate the resource
controll access to the resource
develop a personal brand

52
Q

centrality

A

interdependence with power holder, how and how many others are affected by you?

bv merken ze het als je niet op school/werk komt

53
Q

visibility

A

gaat echt om dat je hen ziet. holder of valued resource, social interation, power symbols

bv: Many professionals display their educational diplomas and awards
on office walls to remind visitors of their expertise. Medical professionals wear white coats
with stethoscopes around their necks, which symbolize their legitimate and expert power in
hospital settings. Other people play the game of “face time”—spending more time at work
and showing that they are working productively.

54
Q

discretion

A

freedom for judgement, rules limit discretion

55
Q

consequences of power

A

type a: feeling empowered
type b: power over others

56
Q

empowered = en voor en nadelen

A

= perceived power over themselves, freedom from others

+ motivation
+ performance
- less mindfull thinking
- less empathy
- more stereotypes

57
Q

power over others = en voor en nadelen

A

= produces sense of duty/responsibility

+ less stereotyping
+ more empathy
+ more mindful over how actions affect others.

58
Q

dus welke is beter van de twee soorten power

A

type b, power over others

59
Q

influence =

A

Any behavior that attempts to alter another person’s attitudes or behavior.

60
Q

Individuals and work units are more powerful when they are nonsubstitutable. Employees,
work units, and organizations reduce substitutability by controlling tasks, knowledge, and
labor, by differentiating themselves from competitors, and by developing a personal brand—
a unique combination of knowledge, skills, and experience that are valuable to
current or prospective employers.
A second contingency is centrality. People have more power when they have high
centrality, which means that many people are quickly affected by their actions. The third
contingency, visibility, refers to the idea that power increases to the extent that a person’s or
work unit’s competencies are known to others. Discretion, the fourth contingency of power,
refers to the freedom to exercise judgment. Power increases when people have the freedom to
use their power.

A

oke

61
Q

8 influence tactics

A

silent authority, assertiveness, information control,
coalition formation, upward appeal, impression management, persuasion, and exchange

62
Q

silent authority

A

power holders request or mere presence influences behaviour.

(ook wel heel subtle use of legitimate power)

63
Q

assertiveness

A
  • vocal authority: reminding, checking, bullying
  • active use of legitimate or coercive power
64
Q

information control

A

manipulating others’ access to information to change their attitudes or behaviour

65
Q

wheel formation of power

A

een persoon veel macht

66
Q

all-channels formation of power

A

alle mensen hebben individueel weinig power

67
Q

coalition formation

A

pooling members’ resources and power to influence others

68
Q

3 functions of coalition formation

A
  1. pools power and resources
  2. symbolizes that issue is legitimate or important
  3. influences through social identity
69
Q

upward appeal

A

claiming higher authority support or showing evidence of that support

70
Q

persuasion

A
  • logical arguments,
    emotional appeals
  • effects of persuader, message, channel, audience
71
Q

impression management

A

actively shaping someones perception/attitude of us

  • self presentation
  • personal brand
  • ingratiation (je wil dat mensen je aardiger vinden)
72
Q

exchange

A

exchange of resources for desired behaviour

used in persuasion, social networks, en reciprocity

73
Q

soft influence tactics

A

persuasion
impression management
exchange

74
Q

hard influence tactics

A

silent authority
upward appeal
coalition formation
information control
assertiveness

75
Q

the appropriate influence tactics are based on…

A

influencers power base
organizational position of influence target
personal, org., cultural values and expectations

76
Q

organizational politics

A

using influence tactics for personal gain at perceived expense of others and organization

77
Q

minimizing org. politics:

A
  1. enough resources
  2. clarify resource allocation rules
  3. manage change effectively
  4. discourage political behaviour
78
Q

welke source of power hoort bij norm of reciprocity

A

legitimate power!!

79
Q

contingencies of power (4)

A

nonsubstitutibility
centrality
discretion
visibility

80
Q

welke aspecten van power worden increased door social networks

A
  • expert power: meer info
  • referent power
  • visibility: mensen denken sneller aan je
81
Q

social network =

A

people connecting through interdependence

82
Q

welke twee functions van social networks

A
  • instrumental
  • expressive
83
Q

social capital =

A

Sharing knowledge, opportunities, and other resources in a social network

84
Q

welke aspecten horen van social capital

A

Mutual support, trust, reciprocity, coordination to facilitate resource sharing

85
Q

what happens when you have strong social network ties

A

Close-knit relationships.
Offer resources more quickly/plentifully, but less unique

86
Q

what happens when you have weak network ties

A

Acquaintances.
Offer unique resources, but more slowly

87
Q

what happens when you have many ties

A

Resources increase with number of ties.
Information technology helps, but still a limit

88
Q

social network centrality=

A

a persons importance within a network

89
Q

3 factors in centrality

A
  1. Betweenness: connected between others.
  2. Degree centrality: number of connections.
  3. Closeness: stronger connections.

WO & SP DT II (16 decks)

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