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WO & SP DT II > SP Lecture 12: Helping > Flashcards

SP Lecture 12: Helping Flashcards

1
Q

prosocial behaviour =

A

broad category of acts that are defined by some significant segment of society and or ones social group, as generally beneficial to other people

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2
Q

4 aspecten van prosocial behaviour

A
  • helping
  • cooporating
  • empathy/sympathy/compassion
  • statements or acts of remorse or reconciliation (sorry, forgiveness asking)
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3
Q

hobbes mening mensen

A

humans are intrinsically egoistic and have no regards for others

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4
Q

rousseau

A

humans are good by nature and only corrupted by civilization

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5
Q

frans de waal mening: moral behaviour and empathy in animals

A

humans are not just aggressive and competitive. we also have capacity for cooperation empathy and prosocial behaviour. killing is not easy, we have to be trained to and mentally suffer from war

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6
Q

hoe is reconcilatiation, cooperation en empathy in primates

A
  • Reconciliation is common in primates and nonprimates.
  • Cooperation among primates is underappreciated.
    Cooperation also happens in strangers.
  • Expressions of empathy are common in apes and
    resemble human behaviors.
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7
Q

3 evolutionary theories explain why prosocial acts increase fitness

A
  • kin selection
  • reciprocal altruism
  • group selection
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8
Q

fitness =

A

how good a particular genotype is at leaving offspring in the next generation relative to other genotypes

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9
Q

kin selection =

A

evolutionary strategy that promotes the survival of ones genes present in relatives, even when that means a cost to the self

dus jezelf ‘opofferen’ zodat jouw genen/de genen van relatives wel doorgegeven worden.

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10
Q

inclusive fitness =

A

the successful transmission of one’s genes from all sources to the next generation

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11
Q

adaptation is at the level of … not the …

A

adaptation = genes!!
not individual.

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12
Q

kin selection on prosocial behaviour

A

There is evolutionary benefit to supporting relatives (similar genes pass on).
This means inclusive fitness is more important than personal fitness. Is this why
we call parents heroes if they sacrifice themselves for their children? Outside of
genes, is there moral reason to help our own family over other people?

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13
Q

experiments laten zien dat er een relatie is tussen relatedness (hoeveel genes two individuals share) and willingness to help

A

ole

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14
Q

reciprocal altruism

A
  • people also help genetically unrelated others
  • we benefit from helping others if this favor is repaid
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15
Q

group selection

A

a group with altruists (people willing to sacrifice themselves) has an advantage over a group with selfish individuals

  • Altruistic group will dominate the selfish group and has a reproductive advantage
  • At population level this would results in more altruists relative to selfish individuals
  • This theory is controversial and evidence is mixed
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16
Q

empathy =

A

the ability and tendency to share and understand others internal states

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17
Q

empathy leads to prosocial behaviour

A

oke

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18
Q

is empathy innate?

A

ja, observed in humans and other animals. ook babies

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19
Q

is empathy genetically determined

A

in twin studies: 30-60% heritability

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20
Q

most research focuses on

A

(a) The interplay of genes and environment in prosocial behavior:
* A: Additive genetic variance
* B: Shared environment
* C: Unshared environment and measurement error
Note: small effects and interactions are the norm

(b) The development of individual differences in prosocial tendencies
Related to personality, e.g., Big Five Agreeablenes

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21
Q

is empathy and prosocial behaviour stable over someones life

A

ja, relatief. maar increases slightly

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22
Q

two dimensions of prosocial behaviour

A
  • Prosocial thoughts and feelings, such as a sense of responsibility and a
    tendency to experience cognitive and affective empathy (“other-oriented
    empathy”)
  • The self-perception that one is a helpful and competent individual
    (Helpfulness)

dus prosocial thoughts and feelings, en self-perception over jouw helpfulness

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23
Q

prisoners dilemma

A

selfish strategy is individually best and cooperation is best for all

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24
Q

helping others can increase status and reputation even when there is no recipocation

A

oke, dus recipocation is niet nodig voor increasing status door te helpen.

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25
Q

the bystander effect

A

the presence of others inhibits helping

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26
Q

in welk exp meten ze de bystander effect

A

smoke filled room, met passive bystanders

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27
Q

theory of emergency response

A

emergency -> notice -> (pluralistic ignorance) -> interpret as emergency -> (diffusion of responsibility) -> take responsibility for providing help -> decide on how to help -> (evaluation apprehension) -> provide help

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28
Q

evaluation apprehension

A

the fear of negative evaluations from other group members or external members prevents participants who are working in groups from presenting their more original ideas

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29
Q

stigmatized outgroup =

A

outgroup that is strongly devalued

30
Q

stigmatized person =

A

person whose social identity or membership in some social vategory calls into question their full humaity, the person is devalued, spoiled or flawed in the eyes of others

31
Q

3 soorten stigmas

A
  1. abominations of the body (mental disorder, handicapped, obese, aids)
  2. moral character stigmas (homeless, drug addicts, criminals)
  3. tribal stigmas (people from cultural or social group that is devalued)
32
Q

differences in prosocial behaviour and stigmas per person

A
  • individual differences in attributing responsibility to these people
  • belief in a just world: people get what they deserve
  • attribution of responsibility: good things happen to good people, bad things to bad people
33
Q

predictors of interpersonal helping

A
  • characteristics of helper (similarity between helper and helpee?)
  • characteristics of help: alignment with values and goals?
  • characteristics of recipient (bv self esteem)
34
Q

2 types of helping

A
  • dependency-oriented help: giving someone a fish
  • autonomy-oriented help: teaching someone how to fish
35
Q

dependency oriented help, en tot welke dependency leidt het

A

provides a full solution, does not rely on skills of helpee. will be given again whenever the need arises.

= leidt tot chronic dependency

36
Q

autonomy-oriented help

A

limited in degree and duration to the transfer of specific tools or instructions from helper to helpee, who will then use this to regain self-reliance

= leidt tot transient dependency

37
Q

intergroup helping, wat is de evidence hiervoor?

A
  1. Less help to out-group than in-group
    members
  2. No relationship
  3. More help to out-group than in-group
    members (reverse discrimination)
38
Q

egoistic (self-focused) helping =

A

motivated by preserving maintaining or enhancing own welfare

39
Q

welke 3 factoren horen bij egoistic helping

A
  1. reward seeking
  2. punishment avoidance
  3. reduce bad feelings
40
Q

wat voor soort analysis is egoistic helping

A

= cost-reward analysis of helping

41
Q

motivation for altruism

A

preserving, maintaining or enhancing others welfare

42
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis =

A

The theory that feelings of empathic concern lead to a motive to help someone in need for his or her own sake.

increased by similarities between the self and others

43
Q

batson et al experiment shocks

A

Female participants
observed “Elaine” who received unpleasant electrical shocks

Condition 1:
High similarity in attitudes,
traits and interests =
high empathy + helping

Condition 2:
Low similarity in attitudes,
traits and interests =
low empathy and helping

helping = taking shocks instead of elaine

dus vaker de shocks overnemen van elaine wanneer ze hogere similarity in attitudes, traits en interests hebben.
= meer empathy and helping

44
Q

outgroup helping: 3 strategic motives

A
  1. power and autonomy
  2. meaning and existence
  3. impression formation
45
Q

power and autonomy =

A
  • exert power over another group through helping.
  • stay autonomous by rejecting help

helping implies unequal status relations, one is dependent

soort van bij derde wereld landen = power and autonomy

46
Q

meaning and existence

A

Help is used to restore meaningfulness and purpose of the
in-group after threat to group identity

47
Q

scrooge effect =

A

mortality salience increased contributions to charity

dus meer praten over mortality = meer doneren.

48
Q

experiment dutch help after a threat:

A

conditions:
1. Secure position of the Netherlands in the EU
2. The Netherlands under threat in the EU

condition 2: more helping to Tsunami victims in the domain of water management
- > reduced threat of being in EU

49
Q

impression formation

A

use helping to create a positive impression of the group as kind and generous (warmth) or capable (competence)

50
Q

hopkins study scots

A

when stereotype of Scots as mean
was salient, Scots donated more to out-group, but not to in-group

51
Q

volunteering =

A

“prosocial action in an
organizational context, which is planned
and that continues for an extended
period”

52
Q

verschil volunteering and interpersonal helping

A

less likely to result
from a sense of personal obligation to a particular
person: ‘nonobligated helping’

dus geen verplichtingen verder

53
Q

volunteering reasons

A

family or religion
eduction and income
attitudes, ideals and identity
social networks
resume building etc

  • Family and religious organizations drive initial decision to volunteer
  • Identification with religion is positively related to different types of
    volunteering (not only in that group)
  • More education and income predict more volunteering
  • Attitudes, identity, ideals: good feeling about the self
  • ‘Volunteer role identity’ (Grube and Pillavin, 2000)
  • Social networks
  • Other motives, e.g., resume building!
54
Q

positive outcomes of volunteering

A
  • self esteem
  • mental and physical health: improved satisfaction, lower mortality rate.
55
Q

More different kind of activities in midlife -> less likely to get
Alzheimer’s disease in 70s

A

oke!

56
Q

More different social roles and multiple group memberships is
positive for health and well-being!

A

oke!

57
Q

volunteering mechanisms for positive outcomes

A
  • refocusing of attention
  • improve self-evaluation, sense of value
  • better mood
  • social integration
  • sense of control
  • improves health, minder mortality
  • strongest health effects for socially isolated individuals! dus goed om aan te raden voor mensen die lonely zijn
58
Q

cooperation =

A

involves two or more people coming together as partners to work interdependently toward a common goal that will benefit all involved

59
Q

verschil cooperation and helping/volunteering

A

status relations are equal, they are interdependent

60
Q

social dilemmas 2 aspects

A
  1. each individual alone receives a higher payoff for not doing the groups best interest
  2. all individuals are better off if they cooporate

= cooporation is beter voor hele groep, maar voor individual beter om dit niet te doen

61
Q

collective action problem

A

tabel met ignore vs cooperate. cooperate = slecht voor 1. ignore is dan beter (tenzij beiden cooperate)

62
Q

4 ways prosocial behaviour can be stimulated

A
  1. perspective taking
  2. recategorization
  3. social identity
  4. identify relevant values
63
Q

perspective taking =

A

cognitive!

the ability to entertain the perspective of another.

64
Q

what does perspective taking predict

A

social competence, self esteem

65
Q

what does perspective taking promote

A

empathic concern

66
Q

2 effects of perspective taking on emotional responses

A
  • imagine how the target feels: empathic concern
  • imagine how you would feel: arousal and distress
67
Q

recategorization -> the common in-group identity model

A

Bias in prosocial behavior toward out-group members can be reduced
when in-group members recategorize themselves within a superordinate
group

68
Q

when is less help offered in recategorization?

A

when ppl express dual identity instead of common identity

muslim uva student (minder help) vs uva student (meer help)

dus common is meer help dan dual

69
Q

social identity and helping: 3 factors

A
  1. salience of social identities (bv european, student)
  2. boundaries of social identities: wie is ingroup en wie is outgroup?
  3. content of social identities: group norms and values

dus salience, boundaries en content

70
Q

emergency events themselves can lead to formation of common identities, but this only happens if there is …

A

a perception of common threat!!

WO & SP DT II (16 decks)

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