SP Chapter 10: Norms and behaviour Flashcards
why are norms powerful
because they can influence group members behaviour without any kind of outside enforcement
welke norm word in welke situatie gevolgd
de norm die het makkelijkste geactiveerd kan worden, die wordt dan ook meer accessible bij andere situaties
norms must be … before they can guide behaviour
activated
norms can be activated via 4 processes
- direct reminders
- environmental cues
- when we are in a group
- deindividuation
direct reminders of norms
signs, instructions, handbills, flyers etc.
environmental cues
activate both descriptive and injunctive norms
- silence in library
- littered beach -> zelf ook meer litteren
- sound of a siren, pull over
hoe maken groepen normen
groepen maken normen meer salient: daardoor worden de normen meer accessible
deindividuation
extreme vorm, waarin group identity dominates personal identity.
wordt increased als er anonimiteit is of indistinguishable in a group –> more violence, more antisocial
norms must be … before they can guide behaviour
activated
how can norms be activated
- direct reminders (symbols)
- environmental cues (littering)
- watching other’s behaviour
deindividuation =
when people see themselves as purely part of a group, and behaviour is likely determined by the group norms alone
deindividuation has the power to…
make individuals join in on the behaivour of whatever the group is doing
4 things of the stanford prison experiment that you need for the results
- direct reminers of experimenters: zo wisten de guards wat van hen verwacht werd
- environmental cues -> guard uniform, ankle bracelets of prisoners
- establish in-group solidarity, and break cohesion of the outgroup
- guards glasses -> anoniem, en prisoners numbers -> anoniem. hierdoor werden group identities meer salient dan individual identities
3 manieren waarop wij descriptive norms verkeerd opvatten
- salient information: dus alleen de extremen herinneren
- media: does not portray reality
- vergeten dat wij vaak alleen contact hebben met ingroup
the power of descriptive norms…
even when they are misconceptions, the perception of what others do can guide our behaviour (hoewel het ook wel helpt om descriptive norms aan te passen -> minder drinken etc).
voorbeeld misinterpret injunctive norms
When asked whether tanning and sunscreen
use were good or bad, women participants first reported their own views, and
then reported their perceptions of other women’s views (Reid & Aiken, 2013). Consistent
with findings on descriptive norms, most women misperceived injunctive norms—
they believed more women thought tanning was good and use of sunscreen was bad
than was actually the case. The women were then assigned either to a control group or
a norm group. Those in the control group received a standard pamphlet advocating the
use of sun protection. Those in the norm condition got this pamphlet plus information
about the actual injunctive norm from the sample and how their estimates compared
to the true norm. This norm intervention proved effective. Four weeks later, those in
the norm condition not only reported greater intentions to use sun protection but
were also actually wearing a hat and using sunscreen more frequently than those in the
control group.
-> women believed that other women thought tanning was good, and use of sunscreen was bad. -> information about the injunctive norm (compared to only pamplet over sunprotection) leidde tot meer sun screen use
dus wat is de interplay tussen injunctive en descriptive norms
when they mismatch (dus injunctive zegt tegenovergestelde als descriptive) zijn de behavioural intentions even laag als wanneer beide norms negatief zijn.
dus:
+/+ = goed!
+/- = -/- (als er verschil is, gelijk geen behavioural intentions)
dus injunctive en descriptive norms moeten favorable zijn, en matchen -> when injunctive norms are sincere
wat gebeurt er als je een type of norm presenteerd
dan moeten mensen de anderen imaginen, en als die dan positief is => gedragsverandering. dus kan handig zijn om soms alleen 1 norm te presenteren
wat is het verschil in effect van descriptive en injunctive norms
descriptive norms zijn cognitief makkelijker (gewoon volgen wat anderen doen, minder systematic processing).
maar als er motivatie + ability is om systematic processing aan te gaan -> dan heeft injunctive meer effect
2 manieren waarop norms behaviour affecten
- enforcement: rewards/punishments van group (normative)
- private acceptance: echt denken dat het goed is (informative?)
Construction of Reality
Every situation can be interpreted in multiple ways, making different norms applicable.
Pervasiveness of Social Influence
Social norms influence our actions, even when we are not physically in the group.
norm of reciprocity
one of the most prevalent social norms, directs us to return to others favors, goods, services, and concessions they offer to us.
universal, alleen een paar mensen (kinderen, zieken, ouderen) hebben een pass
how can the norm of reciprocity work in our disadvantage
This norm can sometimes be activated to our disadvantage, such as when people give us small favors to induce us to return something of greater value. Because concessions are also supposed to be reciprocated, this can leave us vulnerable when others use the door-in-the-face technique, making a concession following our refusal to comply with a large demand. We feel obligated to make a concession in return.
