Women Working in the CJS Flashcards
week 2
What is a civilian job?
typically clerical work with stable hours and often female dominated
what is a sworn job?
12 hour shift with paperwork and surveillance that is normally male dominated. Expectation that it is violent, dangerous and intense
How does the self selection bias show in civilian vs sworn jobs?
women dominate in civilian and men in sworn jobs, false idea women are less capable of passing the fitness test, women often steered into a different track
How did policing in Canada change post 1829?
Sir Robert Peel introduced characteristics of policing, criminal code began, women in support roles, tiers of law enforcement were created
How were women involved in Federal policing in 1970?
1970: anti-discrimination law forced RCMP to hire female officiers, current close to 50/50 split in headquarters
What discrimination did Women in federal policing experience?
Sexual harassment, forced into clerical roles, pay gap, discriminated for having children, not promoted, uniforms did not fit, guns were too big
How was discrimination in Federal policing addressed?
$100 million settlement (worried not enough money), 1990s stopped segregating depots by gender
How does federal policing currently affect women?
only 20% female sworn officers, requirement to serve 2 years in Northern areas is harder on women (leading to self-selecting out)
How were women involved in Provincial policing in 1974?
1974 first female sworn officers, pressured to only let in victimization units and clerical work only, male sworn officers reluctant to work with women, sexual harassment from colleagues remains high
How were women first involved in Municipal policing?
first police officers were unpaid women in big cities, 1900 introduced to paid work in motherly roles and as guardians of morality dealing with promiscuous young women
How are women currently involved in Municipal policing?
35% more likely in clerical roles, highest rates of gender imbalance (especially for WOC due to discimination and lack of role models), fitness testing seen as barrier, women are better at defusing high conflict situations
What are some statistics for women’s involvement in policing in Canada?
women less than 5% of all top positions, women are less likely to put themselves forward for promotion and therefore less likely to get it, Networking is exclusive and less likely to include women, women have concerns for work life balance and lack mentors, female officers are more satisfied when using their skills, women more successful in community policing
What is Privilege?
Unearned access/advantage granted to specific groups of people because of their membership in a social group
How do we address privilege?
When we identify where our privilege intersects with somebody else’s oppression, we’ll find our opportunities to make real change
Who is Sean Combs and what is going on there?
P Diddy, indicted for sex trafficking, former girlfriend claimed abuse but nothing happened, blackmailed female victims with videotape
How has social justice changed female victimization?
move for more accountability, increased opportunity distribution, popularization of me too movement led to more reports (P Diddy)
Who is Kobe Bryant?
basketball player arrested for sexual assault, used wife to smear the victim, media then turned on the victim, set precedent to demean, besmear and target victims
What is the Kobe Bryant effect?
when victims do not come forward due to fear it will effect their personal life, led to drop in reporting (fear remains for those 40+)
When did women become apart of the legal profession?
1855: first license but denied from bar as she was not a person under the law
1869: first woman admitted to the bar
1872: first Black woman admitted to the bar
What is Person’s Case (1929)?
5 women applied for state and were denied as they are not people, they appealed all the way to the UK Privy Council who rules they are people. Women became people in 1930
Who is Mary Jane Mossman?
2005: identified 3 phases for women being admitted to the bar in Canada
What is the first wave for women in the legal profession?
Pioneering wave 1800s: women needed permission form a man to be responsible for their decisions, could not be first chair or independently take cases
What was the second wave for women in the legal profession?
1920s-1970s: steady increase in women in the field
What was the third wave for women in the legal profession?
post 1970s: rapid increase in applications fuelled by 2nd wave feminism, discrimination laws allowed women to enter
1972: illegal to discriminate employment based on sex
How have Indigenous women been involved in the legal profession in Canada?
weren’t persons and couldnt vote until 1965, slower inclusion in the profession
How did Yale feel about women in the legal profession?
1886 a women entered with her intitals, on the second day of class they unenrolled her, next year the catalogue state only men may apply
How are women involved in the legal profession today?
47% of law school enrolments, WOC lack data as discrimination affects them differently, self-selection bias dissuades many women from entering, Invisible labour clause, inclusion tax
What is the Invisible labour clause?
uncompensated labour required for women’s inclusion in spaces, mainly affects Black women. When women have to work harder and longer to be noticed for the same work men are.
What is the inclusion tax?
Time, money, and mental and emotional energy required to gain entry and acceptance from traditionally white and male institutional spaces
What challenges do female lawyers face today?
Attrition (women leave earlier), Income (women and racialized lawyers earn less), Earning and Market sector, Job satisfaction and gender (mom guilt), Career development and path (fewer advancements for women), Sexism, harassment and discrimination, Role overload and strain (high caseloads, disturbing material, etc)
What are womens victim services?
1970s (2nd wave feminism) non profit and government based services that rely on grants, private donations and volunteers
Who is involved in victim services and how does it effect them?
staff is predominantly female with histories of victimizations that want to give back to the community, emotional context often leads to secondary trauma
How do advocates for intimate partner violence struggle?
- Burnout (3 stages)
- Victim blaming (loss of compassion)
- Secondary trauma stress (PTSD if not processed own trauma or due to lack of control)
What are the 3 stages of burnout for advocates of intimate partner violence?
- Emotional exhaustion due to high stress levels (empathy capacity is full, no appreciaition)
- Depersonalization (tuning out and treating victims as numbers, inappropriate comments, inadequate services)
- Reduced personal accomplishment (leads to shame and victim blaming)
How did Rape Crisis Workers begin?
1970s with criminalization of marital rape, initially female volunteers with victimization histories
1980s work with local hospitals, police and community services
How do Rape Crisis agencies vary?
- Larger agencies provide greater diversity of services
- Large urban areas have these large services
- Rural areas have less services, less funding, less culturally competent staff, more religiously connected and exclusive
What is the workforce for rape crisis centres today?
full time professional work, still needs volunteers, mostly female centered workforce
What services do rape crisis centres currently offer?
community education, hospital and law accompaniment, counselling services, preparing for legal process
Why do people become rape crisis workers?
effort to give back to community and to work through their own victimization
What is the purpose of rape crisis workers?
Empower women, limit/prevent secondary victimization
What was RCMP’s Troop 17?
First RCMP women’s group in 1974. 32 women a part of the troop.
Who is Carol Briggs?
Winnipeg woman who was in Troop 17 and the first to finish training and the first to graduate.
Why do women make better police officers?
(3 Main Reasons)
- Better communicators, able to de-escalate better.
- Value and act less aggressively, able to defuse potential violent situations better.
- Less likely to get excessive force complaints.
When did women first start to enter the work force?
During the Industrial Revolution when cheap labour was needed.
Another big boom during World War 2 (1940s) when men were fighting in the war.
What are the main discriminations for all women working in CJS?
Pay gap, CJS as institutionalized masculinity, shift hours, struggles with work-life balance, sexual harassment, issues with women gaining trust and respect, having to work harder than men to prove themselves.
Approximately what percentage of police women experiences sexual harassment on the job?
Anywhere from 55-77%
In which area of the CJS professions are gender stereotypes most prevalent?
Women working in Male Corrections. Seen as higher risk for not being taken seriously and/or sexualized.
What are the main reasons that women bully one another at work?
feels worse when women do it to each other, women in male dominated roles think only so many can belong, “competitive threat” of new women/successful women, women called bitches when they are assertive/lead, rooted in internalized misogyny.
What is the “Black Sheep Effect”?
Effect of being harder on those who deviate roles/norms in your own group than those who do the same in other groups.
What’s the “Queen Bee” idea?
A woman who uses/operates within its a “man’s world” idea. Glorified Pick Me.
What percent of police officers are female today?
22%
Who is Bev Busson?
part of troop 17, and first female interim RCMP Commissioner from December 2006- July 2007
who is Brenda Lucki?
first permanent female RCMP Commissioner on March 9, 2018. she focuses on reconciliation with Indigenous people, promoting gender equality, addressing workplace harassment
how did early colonists police Canada?
military force
What happened to law and order when the fall of New France in 1759 happened?
English law and legal institutions were imposed and martial rule and order slowly gave way to civil law and order
when and where were the first full time constables appointed?
Toronto in 1835
when was the North West mounted Police established
in 1873
who was the first female police officer?
Rose Fortune, even though she wasn’t paid, she would monitor and report suspicious activities to authorities
