Women Working in the CJS Flashcards
week 2
What is a civilian job?
typically clerical work with stable hours and often female dominated
what is a sworn job?
12 hour shift with paperwork and surveillance that is normally male dominated. Expectation that it is violent, dangerous and intense
How does the self selection bias show in civilian vs sworn jobs?
women dominate in civilian and men in sworn jobs, false idea women are less capable of passing the fitness test, women often steered into a different track
How did policing in Canada change post 1829?
Sir Robert Peel introduced characteristics of policing, criminal code began, women in support roles, tiers of law enforcement were created
How were women involved in Federal policing in 1970?
1970: anti-discrimination law forced RCMP to hire female officiers, current close to 50/50 split in headquarters
What discrimination did Women in federal policing experience?
Sexual harassment, forced into clerical roles, pay gap, discriminated for having children, not promoted, uniforms did not fit, guns were too big
How was discrimination in Federal policing addressed?
$100 million settlement (worried not enough money), 1990s stopped segregating depots by gender
How does federal policing currently affect women?
only 20% female sworn officers, requirement to serve 2 years in Northern areas is harder on women (leading to self-selecting out)
How were women involved in Provincial policing in 1974?
1974 first female sworn officers, pressured to only let in victimization units and clerical work only, male sworn officers reluctant to work with women, sexual harassment from colleagues remains high
How were women first involved in Municipal policing?
first police officers were unpaid women in big cities, 1900 introduced to paid work in motherly roles and as guardians of morality dealing with promiscuous young women
How are women currently involved in Municipal policing?
35% more likely in clerical roles, highest rates of gender imbalance (especially for WOC due to discimination and lack of role models), fitness testing seen as barrier, women are better at defusing high conflict situations
What are some statistics for women’s involvement in policing in Canada?
women less than 5% of all top positions, women are less likely to put themselves forward for promotion and therefore less likely to get it, Networking is exclusive and less likely to include women, women have concerns for work life balance and lack mentors, female officers are more satisfied when using their skills, women more successful in community policing
What is Privilege?
Unearned access/advantage granted to specific groups of people because of their membership in a social group
How do we address privilege?
When we identify where our privilege intersects with somebody else’s oppression, we’ll find our opportunities to make real change
Who is Sean Combs and what is going on there?
P Diddy, indicted for sex trafficking, former girlfriend claimed abuse but nothing happened, blackmailed female victims with videotape
How has social justice changed female victimization?
move for more accountability, increased opportunity distribution, popularization of me too movement led to more reports (P Diddy)
Who is Kobe Bryant?
basketball player arrested for sexual assault, used wife to smear the victim, media then turned on the victim, set precedent to demean, besmear and target victims
What is the Kobe Bryant effect?
when victims do not come forward due to fear it will effect their personal life, led to drop in reporting (fear remains for those 40+)
When did women become apart of the legal profession?
1855: first license but denied from bar as she was not a person under the law
1869: first woman admitted to the bar
1872: first Black woman admitted to the bar
What is Person’s Case (1929)?
5 women applied for state and were denied as they are not people, they appealed all the way to the UK Privy Council who rules they are people. Women became people in 1930
Who is Mary Jane Mossman?
2005: identified 3 phases for women being admitted to the bar in Canada
What is the first wave for women in the legal profession?
Pioneering wave 1800s: women needed permission form a man to be responsible for their decisions, could not be first chair or independently take cases
What was the second wave for women in the legal profession?
1920s-1970s: steady increase in women in the field
What was the third wave for women in the legal profession?
post 1970s: rapid increase in applications fuelled by 2nd wave feminism, discrimination laws allowed women to enter
1972: illegal to discriminate employment based on sex
How have Indigenous women been involved in the legal profession in Canada?
weren’t persons and couldnt vote until 1965, slower inclusion in the profession
How did Yale feel about women in the legal profession?
1886 a women entered with her intitals, on the second day of class they unenrolled her, next year the catalogue state only men may apply
How are women involved in the legal profession today?
47% of law school enrolments, WOC lack data as discrimination affects them differently, self-selection bias dissuades many women from entering, Invisible labour clause, inclusion tax
What is the Invisible labour clause?
uncompensated labour required for women’s inclusion in spaces, mainly affects Black women. When women have to work harder and longer to be noticed for the same work men are.
What is the inclusion tax?
Time, money, and mental and emotional energy required to gain entry and acceptance from traditionally white and male institutional spaces
What challenges do female lawyers face today?
Attrition (women leave earlier), Income (women and racialized lawyers earn less), Earning and Market sector, Job satisfaction and gender (mom guilt), Career development and path (fewer advancements for women), Sexism, harassment and discrimination, Role overload and strain (high caseloads, disturbing material, etc)
What are womens victim services?
1970s (2nd wave feminism) non profit and government based services that rely on grants, private donations and volunteers
Who is involved in victim services and how does it effect them?
staff is predominantly female with histories of victimizations that want to give back to the community, emotional context often leads to secondary trauma
How do advocates for intimate partner violence struggle?
- Burnout (3 stages)
- Victim blaming (loss of compassion)
- Secondary trauma stress (PTSD if not processed own trauma or due to lack of control)
What are the 3 stages of burnout for advocates of intimate partner violence?
- Emotional exhaustion due to high stress levels (empathy capacity is full, no appreciaition)
- Depersonalization (tuning out and treating victims as numbers, inappropriate comments, inadequate services)
- Reduced personal accomplishment (leads to shame and victim blaming)
How did Rape Crisis Workers begin?
1970s with criminalization of marital rape, initially female volunteers with victimization histories
1980s work with local hospitals, police and community services
How do Rape Crisis agencies vary?
- Larger agencies provide greater diversity of services
- Large urban areas have these large services
- Rural areas have less services, less funding, less culturally competent staff, more religiously connected and exclusive
What is the workforce for rape crisis centres today?
full time professional work, still needs volunteers, mostly female centered workforce
What services do rape crisis centres currently offer?
community education, hospital and law accompaniment, counselling services, preparing for legal process
Why do people become rape crisis workers?
effort to give back to community and to work through their own victimization
What is the purpose of rape crisis workers?
Empower women, limit/prevent secondary victimization
What was RCMP’s Troop 17?
First RCMP women’s group in 1974. 32 women a part of the troop.
Who is Carol Briggs?
Winnipeg woman who was in Troop 17 and the first to finish training and the first to graduate.
Why do women make better police officers?
(3 Main Reasons)
- Better communicators, able to de-escalate better.
- Value and act less aggressively, able to defuse potential violent situations better.
- Less likely to get excessive force complaints.
When did women first start to enter the work force?
During the Industrial Revolution when cheap labour was needed.
Another big boom during World War 2 (1940s) when men were fighting in the war.
What are the main discriminations for all women working in CJS?
Pay gap, CJS as institutionalized masculinity, shift hours, struggles with work-life balance, sexual harassment, issues with women gaining trust and respect, having to work harder than men to prove themselves.
Approximately what percentage of police women experiences sexual harassment on the job?
Anywhere from 55-77%
In which area of the CJS professions are gender stereotypes most prevalent?
Women working in Male Corrections. Seen as higher risk for not being taken seriously and/or sexualized.
What are the main reasons that women bully one another at work?
feels worse when women do it to each other, women in male dominated roles think only so many can belong, “competitive threat” of new women/successful women, women called bitches when they are assertive/lead, rooted in internalized misogyny.
What is the “Black Sheep Effect”?
Effect of being harder on those who deviate roles/norms in your own group than those who do the same in other groups.
What’s the “Queen Bee” idea?
A woman who uses/operates within its a “man’s world” idea. Glorified Pick Me.
What percent of police officers are female today?
22%
Who is Bev Busson?
part of troop 17, and first female interim RCMP Commissioner from December 2006- July 2007
who is Brenda Lucki?
first permanent female RCMP Commissioner on March 9, 2018. she focuses on reconciliation with Indigenous people, promoting gender equality, addressing workplace harassment
how did early colonists police Canada?
military force
What happened to law and order when the fall of New France in 1759 happened?
English law and legal institutions were imposed and martial rule and order slowly gave way to civil law and order
when and where were the first full time constables appointed?
Toronto in 1835
when was the North West mounted Police established
in 1873
who was the first female police officer?
Rose Fortune, even though she wasn’t paid, she would monitor and report suspicious activities to authorities
where were the first paid police women?
in Vancouver and Edmonton in 1912, Toronto 1913, and Montreal in 1915
What sorts of issues did the first police women face?
they were not provided uniforms, had roles like social workers and guardians of public morality
why did the amount of women in police fall between 1920s and 1940s?
there was a decline in interest and support form women’s organizations, lack of acceptance from male-dominated forces, and rising unemployment rates in males
what roles did women have in the North-West Mounted Police in 1873
unpaid roles as support Staff and roles like matrons and jailers sometimes.
what jobs did women have in the 1920s with the RCMP
employed as civilian and special constables in the force like fingerprint and lab technicians
What was the Report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada 1970 RCMP?
it was a report that was compelled to open its doors to the recruitment of female police constables
When was Ontario Provincial Police established, and when did they have their first female officers?
1909, and 1974
What did Jurik and Haelemba have to say about women in non-traditional jobs?
they are less committed and involved to their careers than men, disinterested to the intrinsic aspects of their work, more concerned with friendships than organizational influences or other working conditions, more willing to submit to bureaucratic and less concerned with autonomy than men
What is Kanters job model of occupational behaviour?
argues that the way one acts and performs at work is more a function of their location in the organization and not on their gender
why are women typically put in less serious jobs?
the belief that they are more committed to their families and domestic roles than to their job
what is dual responsibility?
the family/domestic role and the work/career role. it can block them from pursuing job and career goals in the same way that men are able to pursue them
what happened when there was a mistrust of police? what was their response to help fix it?
move away from tough law and order policing to a service oriented community policing model, which women showed to be more inclined to use anyways.
According to National Center for Women and Policing, what will increasing the number of women in law enforcement do?
reduce police excessive force, strengthen community policing reforms, and improve police response to violence against women
what three main factors would help increase the number of female officers in leadership positions?
- supportive department culture
- expanded experience and training opportunities
- family-friendly policies
How can women be discriminated against in the hiring process for policing?
physical tests can be used to unfairly eliminate female candidates.
What is a way that Police forces have improved their equipment to make it more female friendly?
they have adjusted their gun sizes so females can have smaller guns that fit in their hands and on their waistband
How do police forces work with women on work-schedules to help them?
they can offer job sharing which is a work arrangement in which two employees agree with the employer to share the work hours of one position. it recognizes that women have dual responsibilities
Does parental leave have a negative affect on women careers?
it can be seen as negative and that individuals lack commitment to their work, and women who do it say it has negative impact on their career aspirations and promotion possibilities
is there a significant difference in job performance between men and females?
no there is not, but the competency of female officers continues to be called into question by male officers and the public
why are women more likely to leave their job early on than men?
because of harassment, negative attitudes of male co-workers and supervisors, family and childcare responsibilities, lack of support from management, blocked career opportunities, and inflexible work arrangements
what are the 6 advantages of employing more women in policing?
- they are as competent as males in meeting requirements of policing
- less likely to use excessive force
- embrace community policing model
- improve law enforcement’s response to violence against women
- reduces problems of sex discrimination and harassment within a law enforcement agency
- bring beneficial changes in policy for all officers
who is Clara Brett Martin?
first female to be called and admitted to the practice of law, both in Ontario and in all the British Commonwealth
what did males used to say would happen if women pursued higher education and?
studying and working would weaken their developing wombs
Who was the first women to argue a case in from of the Law Lords at the Privy Council?
Elizabeth Bethune Campbell
who was Melrose Sisson?
she was the reason an amendment was passed in 1912 to open the doors for women of Manitoba to enter the practice of law
what was the first wave of women lawyers in Canada?
the pioneering women. some of these women were not actually able to practice law because they did not receive full accreditation and were not members of the bar
when did the second wave of female lawyers occur? and what characterized it?
1920s-1970s. it was characterized by a gradual and steady increase in the number of women being admitted to the bar in Ontario
how many women totally were admitted to the bar in Ontario by 1970?
313
When was the third wave of female lawyers and what characterized it?
1970s and on, shift occurred both in the number of women applying to law school and in the number who continued to practice law
Who is Beverly McLachlin?
first time in SCC a woman was appointed Chief Justice in 2000. she was the longest sitting Chief Justice
who is Kim Campbell?
first and only female prime minister.
what are some Gender related segmentation that increase dramatically with age?
more old man lawyers than women, when the numbers are relatively the same with young men and females
where do women have a significant presence in the law?
areas dealing with intimate partner violence and youth in conflict with the law, and many are employed as staff in victim witness offices at courthouses and in victim crisis assistance and referral services at police stations
what percent of federally appointed judges across Canada are female?
43.8%
which political party is more likely to appoint female judges
NDP are more likely to appoint female judges than Conservative parties
Why are women leaving their positions as lawyers?
- family responsibilities: not because they needed to leave to take care of their families but because they needed a better work/life balance
- the fries organizational structure
- pursue other interests
- burnout
why do women lawyers make less than men typically?
they make it to the top in fewer numbers, and the factors that go into compensation decisions generally favour men
what are in-house lawyers?
a lawyer working within a corporation of government division who provides their employer with advice about legal matters related to their business and their product or service. women ear $19,000 less than males
what is General Counsel Executive Lawyer?
a law department within a corporation, typically headed by a general counsel (CG) who may also serve as the company’s chief legal officer. the CG will usually report directly to the corporations chef executive officer. women make $23,000 less than men
what is the Human Capital Theory?
a theory proposing that human capital is the value a person’s education level, intelligence, skills, training, and work habits bring to the workplace
what does it mean when women gravitate to jobs that “offer the lowest return on their human capital investments”
it allows them to have more of a balance in terms of work and family, but they do not earn as much as they could be
what percent to women lawyers earn of their male counterparts’ income?
62%
what are the three market sectors for the law? and are women more, less, or equally likely to work in them compared to men?
- private practice: less likely
- corporate settings: equally
- government: more likely
how did Kay and Hagans support the human capital theory?
men were able to get greater incomes from their experience and from elite law school education than women
what is a Core Labour market?
private practice law, offers great pay, more job stability and security, good working conditions, plenty of opportunity for advancement
what is secondary labour market?
corporate and government law. more unstable work, earnings are lower, benefits fewer, working conditions poorer, employee turnover is frequent, minimal opportunity for advancement
what barriers do women lawyers face in achieving equality with their male peers?
the allocation of work, opportunities for advancement, income differentials, lack of accommodation for family responsibilities, and sexual harassment
what are the differences in male and female career changes?
male career changes are usually for a better opportunity, whereas female career changes are for personal or family reasons
why do women lawyers have lower job satisfaction? (3 reasons)
- have less occupational power, which relies to more despondency about their job
- women lawyers perceived powerlessness serve to dampen their job satisfaction
- women are more likely to be concerned about their career consequences of having children
when does work overload occur?
when insufficient time exists in which to properly execute all necessary work-related tasks
what is Quantitative overload?
large volumes of work, not enough time
what is qualitative overload?
unable to complete work because of insufficient materials
deos more sexist behaviour occur once women have their jobs, or during the recruitment and hiring process?
once women have their jobs
what are women with careerist orientations? and do they report more or less sexual harassment than those with a feminist orientation?
careerist orientation is to deny the importance of gender in stratifying the profession, and they experience more sexual harassment
what are the two correctional systems in Canada composing custodial services?
community supervision services and the National and provincial parole boards
are men or women or expensive to facilitate and why?
women, they need special facilities and staff to work in them because they cannot be in the same cells as men.
what percent of the Correctional Service of Canada workforce women?
50%
what were women historically employed as in correctional facilities?
employed as matrons, mainly responsible for the women that were incarcerated, they also made bed and cooked
what happened in 1971 in regards to women and their husbands in correctional facilities?
husbands could no longer hire their wives as matrons. and husbands and wives were not allowed to work together
What was the first institution to hire female correctional officers?
in Ontario the Alex Brown Clinic/Ontario Correctional Institute in 1970s
when did the CSC (Correctional Service of Canada) start integrating female correctional officers into male institutions?
early to mid 1980s
what was the Public Service Employment Act that became applicable to the Canadian Penitentiary Service in 1969
section 112, a federal public service was not to discriminate based on sex
how many women were hired after the 1978 investigation of Anti-Discrimination Branch of Human Rights Commission found that only men were working in male institutions?
8 women were hired as correctional officers in male penitentiaries
what was the first maximum security federal all male prison to hire women?
Kingston Penitentiary in 1984
what concerns were raised in mid 1980s with the federal correctional service with hiring for correctional officer positions?
they were giving women priority in hiring because they wanted to increase women representation among their junior officers
how many women composed the CSC in 1990, and what kind of positions were they working?
1/3 working stereotypical positions like administrative support
what are three areas where female correctional officers showed very positive attitudes that did not change over time in a longitudinal study?
- empathy
- the desire to learn
- counselling or helping relationships
what aspects of being a correctional officer did women score more highly on?
support for rehabilitations, and the importance of taking a human service orientation towards their work
what is a parole officer?
an officer responsible for supervising a person who has been released from prison to serve the remainder of their sentence in the community. concerned with reintegration of the person into the community
what is a probation officer?
an officer responsible for making sure that people who are on probation follow the conditions of their probation. concerned with monitoring the conduct and behaviour of criminal offenders serving probation terms.
what duties are included with P&P officers?
- supervision of those who are in the community, serving conditional sentence, or on a conditional supervision order
- ensure people comply with their restitution orders
- complete their community service
what is the PBC and what is it responsible for?
Parole Board of Canada. responsible for determining whether people are suitable for conditional release from federal penitentiaries and from facilities in provinces and territories where no parole board exists
what issues are there with men working in female institutions?
making sure the female offenders are comfortable, the male workers were never to be alone in the female institutes without a female worker with them
what are possible reasons for the increase in violence from offenders in institutions?
higher percentage of incarcerated persons who reported gang affiliation at intake, higher rates of substance abuse among incarcerated persons, overcrowding, and understaffing
what were the disciplinary measures taken against correctional officers in 2009-2014?
- oral or written reprimands
- demotions
- termination for cause
why were correctional officers being disciplined more heavily during the years 2009-2014?
- negligent behaviour
- misconduct
- breach of security
- absenteeism
- excessive use of force
- employee attitude
what are there scarcity of resources in correctional institutes?
institutional training, employment, vocational training, access to recreational services, to counselling, and treatment
what is job stress?
any disturbance that affects individuals in terms of their social, psychological, or physiological functioning; it arises in response to a condition that exists in the environment or at work; and it poses a threat, perceived or real, to a person’s safety or well-being
why might correctional officers not acknowledge their stress?
because such an admission might imply weakness
what makes harassment more stressful for workers?
supervisory inaction in response to the harassment or discrimination
what percent of women do not feel safe at work in correctional institutes?
40%
what is job satisfaction?
a subjective individual-level feeling reflecting whether a person’s needs are or are not being met by a particular job
what are the two categories that correlates of job satisfaction tend to fall into?
- personal characteristics
- work environment
what are the two distinct forms of work-family conflict?
- work on family conflict
- family on work conflict
what is time-based conflict in terms of work-family conflict?
the amount of time spent at work (or home) interferes with home (or work)
what is strain based conflict in terms of Work-family conflict?
effects of the job spill over into family life
what is behaviour-based conflict in terms of work-family conflict?
requirements of the job conflict with how one should response to and treat family members
what were three factors that women working in corrections believed had a negative effect on their chance for promotion?
- the perception that they could not do the job as well as men
- sexual harassment at work
- balancing of responsibilities at work and home
