Introduction Flashcards
week 1
Sex vs Gender?
sex: Biological or physiological characteristics (anatomy/reproductive organs)
Gender: socially defined identities of masculine and feminine
How does one do gender? Where do we learn this performance from?
performative and social role
media consumption conveys gender and how to perform it
What is toxic masculinity?
masculine traits are not inherently toxic but the narrow structures are toxic to men and society
What is feminism?
A recognition and critique of male supremacy and the efforts to change it
What do feminists do?
recognize gender inequalities and work towards ending oppression in all forms through advocating for equal opportunities and labour division
What is the 1st wave of feminism?
1830 suffragette movement
voting rights for wealthy white women
What is the 2nd wave of feminism?
1950s-1980s focus on sexuality, legal identities, reproductive rights and victimization for wealthy white women
What is 3rd wave feminism?
mid 1990s focus on intersectionality with women as offenders and victims
What is the historical experience of women according to feminist theory?
feminist theory demonstrates how women have historically been subjected to a double standard in both treatment and in the evaluation of their worth
What is the invisible knapsack?
Shows how intersectionality affects privilege
What are 2 forms of contemporary feminism?
Intersectional feminism, mainstream feminism as ignoring WOC
What is intersectional feminism?
First in the 1960s but popularized during 3rd wave feminism
Acknowledging the relationship between race-class-gender
What is the feminization of poverty?
Women are more likely to be poor than men, particularly single women, WOC, and elderly women living alone
How did mainstream feminism ignore WOC?
It was more concerned with poverty than disadvantaged based on gender.
Expectation white women were the reference
How has feminism influence studies on women and crime?
breaking through the “glass ceiling”
- women’s experiences in CJS have been ignored
- no theoretical framework to explain female experience in the CJS
- lack of empirical data on females in CJS
What are the 5 contribution of feminist methodology to research on gender and crime?
- Acknowledge the influence of gender in society
- Challenge the traditional research methodology
- Increase awareness of gender in methodological process
- Empower women in patriarchal society through their participation in research
- Researcher awareness of ethical costs of research and need to protect subjects
Explain the intersection of victimization and offending
- Most women in prison have abuse histories (cycle of abuse and offending)
- CJS does not address this when sentencing
- Stigma limits other opportunities furthering the cycle
What is the victim offender continuum?
Victimization leads to offending
How does the stigma of offending reduce opportunities?
Less likely to get a job or get living assistance, more likely to have a drug addiciton, contact with CJS increases rate of recidivism
How are women victims of violence?
more likely to experience intimate partner violence and sexual assault, report leads to little results and re-victimizes women,
Intimate partner violence vs domestic violence?
Intimate Partner Violence: Abuse/violence that happens between two partners in a romantic or intimate relationship.
Domestic Violence: Abuse/violence that happens within a familial household. Can be between a parent and child, parent and elder, etc.
Explain how the needs of female victims are different
physical and emotional traumatization is different, long term consequences for victim and loved ones, need for services exceeds CJS resources
What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
largest dataset on crime published annually by the FBI and stats Canada and allows the comparison of crime over time
What are the weaknesses of the UCR?
only contains arrests dates, ignores crimes not reported, records only most serious offence when theres multiple (hierarchy rule)
What is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?
1988
includes attempted crimes , offender and victim information
What are the issues with the NIBRS?
only shows crimes reported to police
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
US census bureau has people self report data to fill the dark figure of crime.
What are the issues with the NCVS?
some people don’t know they were victims of a crime, its voluntary, victims account may be missing information
What is a crime rate?
compares the number of occurrences of a particular crime to the total population
Who coined the term “intersectionality” and why?
Kimberlé Crenshaw. Intersectionality better accounted for the way Black women live their lives and experiences of Black women who were victims of Police Brutality.
According to Ngozi Adichie why is it important for men to start thinking about gender and feminism?
Because it makes them start looking at how gender affects every aspect of their lives.
Ngozi Adichie highlights the danger of teaching young girls…?
Shame and the art of being indifferent.
