Introduction

Question 1

Sex vs Gender?

Answer 1

sex: Biological or physiological characteristics (anatomy/reproductive organs)
Gender: socially defined identities of masculine and feminine

Question 2

How does one do gender? Where do we learn this performance from?

Answer 2

performative and social role
media consumption conveys gender and how to perform it

Question 3

What is toxic masculinity?

Answer 3

masculine traits are not inherently toxic but the narrow structures are toxic to men and society

Question 4

What is feminism?

Answer 4

A recognition and critique of male supremacy and the efforts to change it

Question 5

What do feminists do?

Answer 5

recognize gender inequalities and work towards ending oppression in all forms through advocating for equal opportunities and labour division

Question 6

What is the 1st wave of feminism?

Answer 6

1830 suffragette movement
voting rights for wealthy white women

Question 7

What is the 2nd wave of feminism?

Answer 7

1950s-1980s focus on sexuality, legal identities, reproductive rights and victimization for wealthy white women

Question 8

What is 3rd wave feminism?

Answer 8

mid 1990s focus on intersectionality with women as offenders and victims

Question 9

What is the historical experience of women according to feminist theory?

Answer 9

feminist theory demonstrates how women have historically been subjected to a double standard in both treatment and in the evaluation of their worth

Question 10

What is the invisible knapsack?

Answer 10

Shows how intersectionality affects privilege

Question 11

What are 2 forms of contemporary feminism?

Answer 11

Intersectional feminism, mainstream feminism as ignoring WOC

Question 12

What is intersectional feminism?

Answer 12

First in the 1960s but popularized during 3rd wave feminism
Acknowledging the relationship between race-class-gender

Question 13

What is the feminization of poverty?

Answer 13

Women are more likely to be poor than men, particularly single women, WOC, and elderly women living alone

Question 14

How did mainstream feminism ignore WOC?

Answer 14

It was more concerned with poverty than disadvantaged based on gender.
Expectation white women were the reference

Question 15

How has feminism influence studies on women and crime?

Answer 15

breaking through the “glass ceiling”
- women’s experiences in CJS have been ignored
- no theoretical framework to explain female experience in the CJS
- lack of empirical data on females in CJS

Question 16

What are the 5 contribution of feminist methodology to research on gender and crime?

Answer 16

1. Acknowledge the influence of gender in society
2. Challenge the traditional research methodology
3. Increase awareness of gender in methodological process
4. Empower women in patriarchal society through their participation in research
5. Researcher awareness of ethical costs of research and need to protect subjects

Question 17

Explain the intersection of victimization and offending

Answer 17

• Most women in prison have abuse histories (cycle of abuse and offending)
• CJS does not address this when sentencing
• Stigma limits other opportunities furthering the cycle

Question 18

What is the victim offender continuum?

Answer 18

Victimization leads to offending

Question 19

How does the stigma of offending reduce opportunities?

Answer 19

Less likely to get a job or get living assistance, more likely to have a drug addiciton, contact with CJS increases rate of recidivism

Question 20

How are women victims of violence?

Answer 20

more likely to experience intimate partner violence and sexual assault, report leads to little results and re-victimizes women,

Question 21

Intimate partner violence vs domestic violence?

Answer 21

Intimate Partner Violence: Abuse/violence that happens between two partners in a romantic or intimate relationship.

Domestic Violence: Abuse/violence that happens within a familial household. Can be between a parent and child, parent and elder, etc.

Question 22

Explain how the needs of female victims are different

Answer 22

physical and emotional traumatization is different, long term consequences for victim and loved ones, need for services exceeds CJS resources

Question 23

What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

Answer 23

largest dataset on crime published annually by the FBI and stats Canada and allows the comparison of crime over time

Question 24

What are the weaknesses of the UCR?

Answer 24

only contains arrests dates, ignores crimes not reported, records only most serious offence when theres multiple (hierarchy rule)

Question 25

What is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?

Answer 25

1988
includes attempted crimes , offender and victim information

Question 26

What are the issues with the NIBRS?

Answer 26

only shows crimes reported to police

Question 27

What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

Answer 27

US census bureau has people self report data to fill the dark figure of crime.

Question 28

What are the issues with the NCVS?

Answer 28

some people don’t know they were victims of a crime, its voluntary, victims account may be missing information

Question 29

What is a crime rate?

Answer 29

compares the number of occurrences of a particular crime to the total population

Question 30

Who coined the term “intersectionality” and why?

Answer 30

Kimberlé Crenshaw. Intersectionality better accounted for the way Black women live their lives and experiences of Black women who were victims of Police Brutality.

Question 31

According to Ngozi Adichie why is it important for men to start thinking about gender and feminism?

Answer 31

Because it makes them start looking at how gender affects every aspect of their lives.

Question 32

Ngozi Adichie highlights the danger of teaching young girls…?

Answer 32

Shame and the art of being indifferent.