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Women, Crime and Social Justice > Theories of Female Victimization > Flashcards

Theories of Female Victimization Flashcards

Week 3

1
Q

Explain how victims can be turned into offenders through the system.

A
  • if they’re subpoenaed to court and don’t show, they can be prosecuted
  • mandatory arresting in domestic violence cases
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2
Q

Are victims treated as active participants in their case?

A

No, they are often treated like witnesses to their own victimization.
- don’t have autonomy in case
- don’t have control over having the case dropped
- must be informed of the staying of charged but not involved in the decision process

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3
Q

What crimes have really low rates of reporting?

A

sexual violence and intimate partner violence

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4
Q

What are the closure rates for formally prosecuted SA/IPV?

A

30%

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5
Q

What percentage of reported cases of SA/IPV get prosecuted?

A

5%

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6
Q

What are some reasons why reporting is especially low for victims of IPV or SA?

A
  • hostility from friends and family who they tell
  • fear of not being believed
  • fear of revictimization in CJS
  • not understanding that they were really victimized bc it was someone they know
  • not wanting to hurt the offender if it was someone they knew
  • fear or retaliation of offender (esp. in IPV)
  • self doubt
  • embarrassment
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7
Q

What is the message of the start by believing initiative? (3)

A

If someone discloses their victimization to you, you should believe them. You should let them lead and ensure they know they are in control.

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8
Q

What are some exceptions that would affect your ability to let the victim lead?

A

Mandatory reporting and duty of care.

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9
Q

What is the rule around child abuse reporting in Manitoba?

A

It is everybody’s legal obligation to report suspected child abuse.

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10
Q

Who is most likely to seek help outside the formal legal process?

A

women

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11
Q

What are some examples of informal services?

A

Family, friends, therapists, clergy

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12
Q

What is the relationship between positive informal support and reporting?

A

The more positive informal support a victim receives, the more likely they are to submit a formal report.

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13
Q

What is the victim bill of rights? What is the main focus?

A

Introduced in 2003, it codefies certain rights for victims. It is mostly focuses on the right to information.

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14
Q

What is femicide? What does it usually involve?

A

Killing of a woman because they are a woman. Often involves dismembering and severe genital mutilation.

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15
Q

Where is femicide an issue in Mexico? What are the rates of femicide out of all homocides?

A

Rampant in Mexican boarder towns (ex. Ciudad-Juarez and Chihuahua), 3% of all homocides are femicides.

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16
Q

What are the main theory behind the phenomenon of femicide in Mexico?

A

Backlash theory: women are starting to be more independent and empowered which goes against traditional societal roles so the oppressor wants to keep them contained and in control.

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17
Q

Is femicide classified as its own crime?

A

No, but they can use the hate crime sentence enhancement to harshen the penalty.

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18
Q

What is victim blaming?

A

Shifting blame from offender to victim.

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19
Q

What is the relationship between victim blaming and reporting?

A

Victim blaming is a deterrent for people to report sexual violence.

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20
Q

What crimes are victim blaming most associated with?

A

SA and IPV, less so but also sometimes with property crimes.

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21
Q

What is the basis of a lot of victim blaming claims?

A

Implies that the victim is responsible for their victimization because they were engaging in risky behaviour and should’ve known better not to put themselves in that situation.

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22
Q

What part of the legal system does victim blaming come from? What concept?

A

The private legal system. Comes from the concept of contributory negligence, did the person do everything they couldve or shouldve to avoid the civil legal outcome?

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23
Q

How do defence lawyers use victim blaming?

A

To cross examine the victim in a suggestive way, imply their lack of reliability and garner sympathy and credibility for defendant.

24
Q

Provide a brief rundown of the Brock Turner case.

A

Chantell Miller was sexually assaulted while unconscious by Brock Turned behind a dumpster outside of a college party. Turner pleads not guilty. Defence council questions the client on her previous sexual history and risky behaviour. Turned is convicted but judge gives him a very light sentence bc of his swimming potential. Judge removed from bar after petitioning (2018)

25
Q

Victims of SA can see court proceedings before they testify. True or False?

A

False

26
Q

What is the leading theory behind why we victim blame?

A

Just World Hypothesis. We want to believe that the world is just and bad things only happen to those that deserve it. This removes some personal vulnerability bc people like they wouldn’t be in those situations in the first place so theyre not at risk for victimization. Victim blaming is a subconscious protection tactic.

27
Q

What is the relationship between victim blaming and offending after victimization?

A

Victims are somehow responsible, at least partially for their victimization and therefore are too far gone to be functioning members of society. So it feels like it doesn’t matter if they offend or not.

28
Q

What are the rates of revictimization?

A

Less than half of victims are revictimized.

29
Q

What is the hierarchy of victimhood? What is its relationship with identity? What is the effect?

A

Idea that some people are “true victims” and deserve sympathy and support but other victims are not fully innocent and are less worthy of support. Relies on stereotypes about race, gender, economic status. Further marginalizes groups that already don’t receive enough support.

30
Q

What is secondary victimization? How does it operate?

A

Victim blaming and other traumatizing treatment of victims in the CJS. Operates within the culture that lead to the victimization.

31
Q

What are rape shield laws? What types of evidence do they include?

A

Fight back against the introduction of victim blamey evidence (ex. wearing lacy underwear) unless defence can prove the evidence is directly relevant to case (reverse onus). Includes stuff like therapist notes, diaries, psych evidence, prior sexual behaviour, medical records (i.e. biographical core material)

32
Q

When was the first rape shield law introduced? With what case?

A

1999, Mills case

33
Q

What ideas fuel the public’s fear of victimization?

A

Idea that:
- violent crime is always getting worse
- crime is random

34
Q

Why is fear of crime unhelpful?

A
  • changes threat analysis
  • weakens community and neighbourhoods
  • encourages prejudiced behaviour against those seen as threats
35
Q

What is the shadow of sexual violence?

A

Women are taught that sexual victimization is the way in which most victimization against them will occur.

36
Q

What is the relationship between fear of crime and reality?

A

Fear usually exceeds the actual threat of victimization.

37
Q

What is the media influence on fear of crime and victimization?

A

Media presents an inaccurate and distorted view of crime. It is usually very exaggerated and highlights violent crime which leads to increases in fear.

38
Q

How does this fear of crime manifest in gendered socialization experiences?

A

Boys and girls are treated differently growing up. Girls are more likely to:
- be given curfews
- not be allowed to date
- not be loaned family car
- be let out unsupervised

39
Q

Who are women most likely to be victimized by?

A

Someone they know.

40
Q

What effects if someone will report IPV?

A

Fears of retaliation, and if there are children in the home.

41
Q

What is the media phenomenon that leads to an increase in fear of crime?

A

“If it bleeds, it leads” : Media focuses on most sensational and grisly crimes.

42
Q

What is the problem of “if it bleeds, it leads”?

A

Creates untrue/skewed perception of crime, fear of victimization in women’s lives, untrue idea that women will only be victimized by strangers, fear of physical harm, fear of racially motivated crime.

43
Q

What are some consequences of “irrational” fear of crime?

A

People isolate themselves, damages feelings of self worth, impacts policies that want to be “tough on crime”due to media’s perceptions.

44
Q

What are the core rights of victims outlined in the Crime Victims Rights Act of 2004?

A
  • Right to attend CJ proceedings.
  • Right to apply for compensation
  • Right to be heard and participate CJ proceedings.
  • Right to be informed of proceedings and events in the CJ process, of legal rights, and remedies, of all available services
  • Right to protection of intimidation and harassment
    -Right to restitution from offender.
  • Right to prompt return of personal property seized as evidence.
  • Right to a speedy trial
    -Right to enforcement of these rights.
45
Q

What was Benjamin Mendelsohn’s typology of victimization?

A

Puts relative responsibility of victimization on victims. Based on 6 categories of victims.

46
Q

Innocent Victim

A

No responsibility for the crime attributed to victim.
Ex. Institutionalized victims, mentally ill, children, etc.

47
Q

Victim with Minor Guilt

A

Victim precipitates crime with carelessness/ignorance.
Ex. Victim lost in “the wrong part of town.”

48
Q

Voluntary Victim

A

Victim and offender equally responsible for crime.
Ex. Victim pays sex worker for sex, then victim is robbed by sex worker. “Rolling Johns”

49
Q

Victim who alone is guilty

A

Victim who is solely responsible for his or her own victimization.
Ex. An attacker who is killed in self-defence, suicide bomber killed by detonation of explosives.

50
Q

Victim who is more guilty than the offender

A

Victim who provokes or induces another to commit a crime.
Ex. Burning Bed Syndrome: Victim who is killed by the domestic partner he has been abusing for years.

51
Q

Imaginary Victim

A

Victim mistakenly believes they have been victimized.
Ex. Mentally ill person who reports imagined victimization as real event.

52
Q

What was Hans Von Hentig’s typology of victimization?

A

Looked at how personal factors, such as, biological, psychological and social factors influence risk of victimization.

53
Q

What were Hans Von Hentig’s categories of victims and what was his problem?

A

-The Young, the Female, the Old, the Mentally Defective/Deranged (me), Immigrants, Minorities, “Dull Normals”, the Depressed, the Acquisitive, the Wanton, the Lonesome/Heartbroken, the Tormentor and the Blocked/Exempted/Fighting.

Problem of only having a singular female category and strict boundaries. A lot of these categories are interlocking/intersectional.

54
Q

Explain Cohen and Felson’s Routine Activities Theory and its impact on victimology?

A

The idea that the likelihood of criminal acts/victimization occurs when these 3 converge:
1. Someone interested in criminal action (offender.)
2. Potential target (victim) “available” to be victimized.
3. Absence of someone or something (guardian) that would deter offender from making contact with victim.

Offers a more developed look at victimization but is criticized for centring men as ones more likely to offend, creates idea of “good girls/perfect victim.”

55
Q

What is Lifestyle Theory?

A

Seeks to relate patterns of one’s everyday activities to the potential for victimization. Developed to explore risks of victimization to personal crimes.

Idea that some lifestyle/lifestyle choices put one at risk.

56
Q

What is the Feminist Pathways Perspective?

A

Draws on historical context of women’s and girls lives to relate how events (and traumas) affect their likelihood to engage in crime. The best understanding of female offending. Female criminals are highly likely to have been abused. Criminal behaviours often become/used as a mechanism of survival.

57
Q

What are Benjamin Mendehlson’s 6 typologies of victimes

A

innocent victim, victim with minor guilt, voluntary victim, victim who alone is responsible, victim who is more guilty than the offender, imaginary victim

Women, Crime and Social Justice (4 decks)

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