Women's Health Flashcards
12.5% Gynaecology covers a broad spectrum of women's health care, and involves all principles of adult health as above. Obstetrics also embodies these principles with the addition of the understanding of the basic sciences as they apply to reproduction and the effects of pathobiology and pathophysiology on the reproductive process (pregnancy, labour, birth and the post-natal period).
Gestational Diabetes Diagnosis
Fasting plasma glucose of ≥5.1 mmol/L
or
OGTT at 1 hour ≥10.0
or
OGTT at 2 hours 8.5–11.0
Cervical cancer screening
2 years after first sexual intercourse or 25–74 years.
HPV test
Negative Result: Every five years.
Positive NON 16-18: Repeat in 12 month. Again positive: Colposcopy.
Positive 16-18: Colposcopy.
Low grade: Repeat in 12 month. Again positive: Colposcopy.
High grade: Colposcopy
Breast cancer: Risk factors
Risk factors:
- increasing age (>40 years)
- living in a Western population
- pre-existing benign breast lumps
- alcohol intake >2 SDs/day
- use of menopause hormonal therapy (MHT) (combined estrogen and progestogen) >5 years
- personal history of breast cancer
- family history in a first-degree relative (raises risk about threefold)
- known genetic mutations BRCA1 or BRCA2
- nulliparity
- late menopause (after 53)
- obesity
- childless until after 30 years of age
- early menarche
- ionising radiation exposure
- Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry
- Breast cancer in a male relative
Breast cancer: Screening Low risk
Low risk: Family member diagnosed at 50 years or over.
Screening: mammograms
every two years for women aged 50–74 years
Breast cancer: Screening Moderate risk
Moderate risk:
One 1st degree diagnosed before 50 years
or
Two 1st degree in the same family side at any age
or
Two 2nd degree in the same family side diagnosed before 50 years.
Sreening: Annual mammogram for women age 40 years
Breast cancer: Screening High risk
High risk:
Member of the family in prencence of BRCA 1-2.
or
Two 1st or 2nd degree on the same family side diagnosed with BC or ovarian Ca PLUS:
*Aditional relatives with BC or OC.
*BC diagnosed before 40 years.
*Bilateral BC.
*Breast & Ovarian Ca in the same woman.
*BC in a male relative.
*Ashkenazi jewish ancestry.
or
One 1st or 2nd degree with BC < 45 PLUS One 1st or 2nd degree with sarcoma < 45
Screening:
Annual mammogram for women age 40 years
Referal to a cancer clinic for risk assessment, possible genetic testing and management plan.
Uterine prolapse
What is the cause?
weakening of the uterosacral ligament
OCP’s and ovarian cancer
OCP’s have no relation to developing ovarian cancer. Some sources have even labelled it as a protective factor
risk factors for the development of urinary incontinence
- Obesity (stress)
– Prenatal urinary incontinence (detrusor)
– Constipation (stress)
– Instrumental delivery
-Third and fourth-degree tears
-Baby with a birth weight of more than 4.0 kg (detrusor)
Progesterone increases the risk of
DVT
Post menopause is defined as
permanent end of menstruation and fertility, defined as occurring 12 months after the last
menstrual period
Most likely cause of post-menopausal bleeding
vaginitis due to oestrogen deficiency
Age of onset for ovarian cancer
50
HPV can cause what type of cancers
– Cancer of cervix.
– Cancer of oro-pharyngeal cavity.
– Squamous cell carcinoma of anus, penis and vagina.
– Cancer of the uterus
Cervical carcinoma risk factors
-All women who are or ever have been sexually active.
-Early age at first sexual intercourse.
- after 35
- prolonged use of OCP ( > 5 years)
- immunosuppression
- multiparity (>5)
- persistent HPV infection
-Multiple sexual partners.
-Genital warts virus infection.
-Cigarette smoking
