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AMC MCQ - You Can Do It!!!!!❤️❤️ > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

Breast: Cancer, cancer screening

1
Q

Breast Lumps

A

Clinical Features: Smooth margins

First Investigation:
1. PE.
2. US (<35yo)
3. Mammography (>35yo)

Best Investigations:
1. FNAC
2. Core Biopsy

Management:
1. Observation.
2. Excision

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2
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

Clinical Features: Mobile, non-tender

First Investigation: US

Best Investigations:
1. FNAC.
2. Core Biopsy

Management: Reassure/Review in 3 months

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3
Q

Breast cysts

A

Clinical Features: Smooth, mobile, painful (sometimes)

First Investigation:
1. PE.
2. US (<35yo)
Mammography (>35yo)

Best Investigations:
1. FNAC.
2. Core Biopsy

Management:
1. Aspiration under US.
2. Excisional biopsy if the fluid has blood

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4
Q
A

Clinical Features:

First Investigation:

Best Investigations:

Management:

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5
Q

Fibrocystic disease

PND

A

Clinical Features:
- 1 or > lumps <1cms
- watery/bloody discharge

First Investigation:
1. PE.
2. US (<35yo)
Mammography (>35yo)

Best Investigations:
>1cm: FNAC/Biopsy

Management:
1. Primrose oil, Vitamin B1, B6, B12
2. NSAIDS
3. Danazol/Tam

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6
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Clinical Features: Previous trauma

First Investigation:
1. PE
2. US (<35yo)
Mammography (>35yo)

Best Investigations: FNAC

Management:
1. Observation
2. Excision

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7
Q

Intraductal Papilloma

A

Clinical Features:
1. Watery/Bloody discharge
2. Just 1 duct compromised

First Investigation:
1. PE.
2. US (<35yo)
Mammography (>35yo)

Best Investigations:
1. FNAC
2. Core Biopsy
3. Breast Ductography (specific)

Management: Surgery

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8
Q

Mammary Duct Ectasia

A

Clinical Features:
- Discharge: Sticky, toothpaste-like green
- Multiple points

First Investigation: Mammography

Best Investigations: Ductal lavage (Cytology)

Management: Excisional biopsy

Mammary duct ectasia is a condition where the milk ducts in the breast become widened and filled with fluid. This can cause symptoms like nipple discharge, tenderness, or a lump near the nipple. It’s common in women nearing menopause and is usually not serious, but it might need treatment if it causes discomfort or infection.

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9
Q

Phyllodes Tumour

A

Clinical Features: Mobile mass that grows rapidly

First Investigation: Mammography

Best Investigations: US with core biopsy

Management:
Benign: Wide local excision
Malignant: Simple total mastectomy w/wo axillary node dissection

A Phyllodes tumor is a rare type of breast tumor that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). It grows quickly and can become quite large. While most Phyllodes tumors are not cancerous, they can recur after removal, so they need to be monitored closely. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the tumor.

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10
Q

Breast Cancer

A
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11
Q

Management of px with breast cancer spread to one area of bone

A
  • Radiotherapy
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12
Q

Management of px with breast cancer spread to several places in bones

A
  • anticancer therapy with hormonal treatment
  • chemotherapy
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13
Q

Investigation of choice for breast symptoms under the age of 35

A

US

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14
Q

Investigation of choice for breast symptoms over the age of 35

A

US as well as mammography

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15
Q

Protective factors of breast cancer in pre-menopausal women

A
  • Obesity

In pre-menopausal women, obesity can act as a protective factor against breast cancer because higher body fat levels can lead to increased estrogen production from fat tissue. This additional estrogen can help maintain regular menstrual cycles, reducing the exposure to fluctuating hormone levels that might contribute to breast cancer risk. However, this protective effect is complex and doesn’t apply after menopause, where obesity actually increases breast cancer risk.

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16
Q

Increased risk of Breast Cancer is in pre-menopausal women

ASFD

A
  • Avoiding breastfeeding
  • Smoking
  • Family history of breast cancer
  • Decreased fruits and vegetables in diet
17
Q

Breast cancer screening age group

A
  • 50-74 (mammograms every two years)
  • Woman 40 years of age specifically asking due to family history of risk BC
18
Q

Features of Paget’s disease

A
  • eczematous-looking
  • dry scabbing nipple rash
  • nipple ulceration
  • nipple skin thickening
  • dilated duct of the breast
19
Q

Paget’s disease differential dx

A
  • Ductal carcinoma in situ
20
Q

Paget’s disease management

A
  • lumpectomy (breast conserving surgery)
  • partial mastectomy or wide local incision
  • Total mastectomy only if indication of disease is severe
21
Q

Breast cancer prognosis

A
  • 2nd most common cancer to cause death in women (after lung cancer)
  • 40% of women with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer survive at
    > 5 years
  • survival for patients with metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer is 18 to 24 months
22
Q

Px in high risk of breast cancer (Jewish, bilateral breast cancer in family, below 50 y/o) management

A

-Advise referral to a cancer specialist or family cancer clinic for risk assessment,
possible genetic testing and management plan.
-Ongoing surveillance strategies may include regular clinical breast examination, and annual breast imaging with mammography, MRI or ultrasound.
BRCA gene testing would be required after thorough assessment at family cancer
clinic in the area.

NOTE: all of these have to be done together

23
Q

Breast disease caused by Vitamin A deficiency

A

Periductal mastitis

24
Q

Periductal mastitis causes

A
  • Smoking
  • Vitamin A deficiency
25
Q

Periductal mastitis features

A
  • separate entity from duct ectasia
  • affects young women
  • dilated ducts
  • sticky toothpaste-like
    discharge
26
Q

Treatment of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women

A

Aromatase inhibitor (Arimidex)

27
Q

Side effects of aromatase inhibitors

A
  • symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness)
  • muscle and joint pain
  • raised cholesterol
    – Deep vein thrombosis (less than tamoxifen).
    – Stroke (less than tamoxifen).
    – Endometrial cancer (less than tamoxifen).
    – Osteoporosis (more than tamoxifen)
28
Q

Referral to breast surgeon indications
Skin cha

A

– Inflammatory breast conditions that are not resolving after two weeks of antibiotics treatment.
– Eczematoid changes of the nipple-areolar skin which persists longer than two weeks and does not respond to topical treatment.
– Spontaneous unilateral bloody or serous discharge from a single duct in women over 60 years of age.
– Bloody aspirate from a cyst in breast
– A woman with a positive triple test with any one of the three components

29
Q

Triple test refers to

A

– Medical history and clinical breast examination.
– Imaging such as mammography and or breast ultrasound.
– Non-excisional biopsy-Core biopsy and or Fine needle biopsy

NOTE: If the triple test is negative, there is no need to refer the patient to the
breast surgeon

30
Q

Causes of galactorrhoea

A

Physiologic or pathologic
Hormonal imbalance
- hyperprolactinemia
- hypothyroidism
Drugs
- OCP
- Phenothiazines
- antihypertensives
- tranquilisers
Chest trauma

31
Q

Physiological nipple discharge

A

Serous bilateral discharge usually cause by stimulation of the nipple
Drugs
- oestrogen
- tranquilisers

32
Q

Pathological nipple discharge

A

Unilateral spontaneous discharge can be bloody, grey-green or serous,
Breast lesions
- duct ectasia (discharge in many duct)
- papilloma (discharge in 1 duct)
- fibrocystic disease
Cancer

33
Q

Approach to lumps

A
  1. physical examination
  2. imaging (FNAC, US, mammography depending on age)
  3. if indicated, biopsy and histological
    studies
34
Q

Malignant lesion clinical findings

A
  • stony-hard consistency of the lesion - irregular borders
  • being non-tender
  • immobility
  • and skin changes (dimpling, oedema). Ulceration of the skin is seen in advanced disease.
    Lymphadenopathy but it could be absent in early disease
35
Q

Malignant lesion findings on US

A
  • Hypoechogenicity
  • Irregular and ill-defined borders
  • Spiculated margins
  • Being taller than broader
  • Posterior acoustic shadowing
  • Microcalcifications
36
Q

Fibroadenoma features

A
  • Most common benign breast lump
  • 20-30 years
  • Well defined, round with even surface,
    regular margins, rubbery or soft in
    consistency, freely mobile, non-tender
  • Does not increase the risk of cancer
37
Q

Fibroadenoma management

A

Depends on patient’s preference
- Can be safely left behind with
reassurance and periodic review.
- Surgery – excision done usually under
GA if patient wants.

38
Q

Vitmain D deficiency can cause what type/s of cancer?

A

colon
prostate
breast (Ductal carcinoma in situ)

39
Q

H/o Non proliferative breast lesions in a female (Fibrocystic diseases)

A

No risk of Ca breast

AMC MCQ - You Can Do It!!!!!❤️❤️ (50 decks)

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