entomology by Dr Cinitia Flashcards
Rinne Test CLINICAL FEATURES
AC>BC: Normal, SNHL BC>AC: Conductive
Weber Test CLINICAL FEATURES
Conductive: Louder in Deaf Ear Sensorineural: Louder in Better Ear
Deafness in Elderly CLINICAL FEATURES
Presbycusis: Loss of high frequencies (F, S sound)
Deafness in Children CLINICAL FEATURES
Hearing loss: 1/1000 SNHL: 2/1000
Deafness in Children FIRST INVESTIGATION
Screening at 8m-1y, and school entry
Deafness in Children BEST INVESTIGATION
<4yo: Tympanometry
>4yo Audiometry
Otosclerosis CLINICAL FEATURES
AD, progressive, pregnancy, conductive hearing loss with normal TM, too many scars
Otosclerosis TREATMENT
- Refer - Stapedectomy
Otosclerosis is a condition affecting the bones of the middle ear, particularly the stapes bone, which is one of the tiny bones involved in hearing.
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What Happens in Otosclerosis:
- In otosclerosis, abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle ear. This extra bone growth can fixate the stapes bone, preventing it from vibrating properly.
- Since the stapes bone is essential for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear, this leads to hearing loss.
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Symptoms:
- Hearing Loss: The most common symptom is gradual hearing loss, usually starting in one ear and potentially affecting both ears over time. It often begins as a conductive hearing loss, meaning sound waves cannot effectively travel through the ear to reach the inner ear.
- Tinnitus: Some people with otosclerosis experience ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus).
- Vertigo: Although less common, some individuals may experience dizziness or balance issues.
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Causes and Risk Factors:
- Genetics: Otosclerosis often runs in families, suggesting a genetic link.
- Gender: Women are more commonly affected than men.
- Pregnancy: Symptoms can worsen during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.
- Age: Symptoms typically start between the ages of 20 and 40.
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Diagnosis:
- Hearing Tests: An audiogram can assess the degree of hearing loss.
- Tympanometry: This test measures how well the middle ear is functioning.
- CT Scan: In some cases, imaging tests like a CT scan might be used to confirm the diagnosis.
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Treatment Options:
- Hearing Aids: For many, a hearing aid can help amplify sound and improve hearing.
- Surgery (Stapedectomy): In some cases, surgery to remove part or all of the stapes bone and replace it with a prosthetic device can restore hearing.
- Medications: While there’s no cure, certain medications like fluoride supplements might be prescribed to slow the progression of the disease, though their effectiveness is still debated.
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Prognosis:
- The progression of otosclerosis varies. Some people experience only mild hearing loss, while others may develop significant hearing loss over time.
- With appropriate treatment, many people can manage their symptoms effectively and maintain a good quality of life.
Otosclerosis is a treatable cause of hearing loss, and early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve hearing outcomes.
Meniere’s dx CLINICAL FEATURES
Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus,
Meniere’s dx TREATMENT (3)
1.Prochlorperazine or urea crystal
2.Diazepam
3.Low salt diet (Main one for long term)
Labyrinthitis CLINICAL FEATURES
Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, previous viral inf.
Labyrinthitis TREATMENT (2)
- Prochlorperazine
- Diazepam
Acoustic Neuroma CLINICAL FEATURES
Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, diplopia, ataxia
Acoustic Neuroma TREATMENT (2)
- Observation (grows slowly)
- Surgery
BPPV CLINICAL FEATURES
Vertigo, no hearing loss or tinnitus
BPPV BEST INVESTIGATION
Positive Hallpike Test
BPPV TREATMENT (2)
- Reassurance
- Epley Manoeuvre
Foreign Body in nose CLINICAL FEATURES
Unilateral nasal discharge
Foreign Body in nose BEST INVESTIGATION
Nasal examination under general anaesthesia
Foreign Body in nose TREATMENT
Removal
Epistaxis CLINICAL FEATURES
MCC: Local incidental trauma
Epistaxis FIRST INVESTIGATION (3)
- FBE
- INR/aPTT
- Blood group
Epistaxis TREATMENT (3)
- Put pt leaning forward
- Simple tamponade
- Anterior/Posterior Pack
Rhinitis CLINICAL FEATURES
IgE, pale nasal turbines, boggy membrane. <4d <4w- intermittent seasonal. >4d >4w perennial
