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AMC MCQ - You Can Do It!!!!!❤️❤️ > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

List of Aminoglycosides

A
  • gentamicin
  • streptomycin
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2
Q

List of macrolide antibiotics

A
  • Azithromycin.
    -Clarithromycin.
  • erythromycin
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3
Q

List of glycopeptide antibiotics

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Dalbavancin
  • Oritavancin
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4
Q

List of antihistamines

A
  • diphenhydramine
  • ranitidine
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5
Q

List of antihypertensives

A
  • Clonidine
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6
Q

List of calcium Channel Blockers

A
  • nifedipine
  • Amlodipine
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7
Q

List of antiplatelets

A
  • Aspirin
  • clopidogrel
  • ticagrelor
  • Apixaban.
  • Reteplase
  • Dabigatran
  • Abciximab
  • Tirofiban
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8
Q

List of anticoagulants

A
  • heparin
  • LMWH
  • warfarin
  • apixaban
  • dabigatran
  • rivaroxaban
  • fondaparinux
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9
Q

List of Thiazides

A
  • hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
  • indapamide
  • chlorthalidone
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10
Q

List of DMARDS

A
  • methotrexate
  • sulfasalazine
  • infliximab
  • adalimumab
  • leflunomide
  • rituximab
  • antimalarials
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11
Q

List of antimalarials

A
  • Doxycycline.
  • Atovaquone/proguanil.
  • Mefloquine.
  • Primaquine.
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12
Q

Drugs which undergo entero-hepatic circulation

A
  • Colchicine
  • Phenytoin
  • Leflunomide (immunosuppressant)
  • tetracycline
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13
Q

St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) Medication interactions

A

HIV medicines

warfarin

digoxin

anticonvulsants

oral contraceptives

triptans

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14
Q

Normal range of lithium

A

0.8 mmol/L to 1.4 mmol/L
Normal: review every 3 months

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15
Q

Therapeutic dosage of corticoid steroids

A

Continue same dose on IV

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16
Q

List of diseases that require therapeutic steroid dosage

A
  • COPD
  • asthma
  • rheumatoid arthritis
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17
Q

List of diseases that require physiologic replacement of steroids

A
  • Addison’s disease
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18
Q

Physiologic replacement of steroids dosage

A
  • for patients receiving physiologic replacement doses of glucocorticoids
    (Addison’s disease)
  • additional 50 mg of
    hydrocortisone intraoperatively. This dose should be continued for 48 to 72 hours
    postoperatively at an interval of 8 hours in patients undergoing major surgery.
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19
Q

Contraindications to use nitrates

A

-Systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg.
– Heart rate less than 50 beats per minute.
– Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
– Known right ventricular infarction.
– Severe aortic stenosis

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20
Q

Mechanism of action of
sulfonylureas

A

Stimulates pancreatic beta cells and cause secretion of insulin. it does this by increasing responsiveness of
beta cells to both glucose and non-glucose secretagogues (such as amino acids),
resulting in more insulin being released at all blood glucose concentrations.
Thus, sulfonylureas are useful only in patients with some beta cell
function

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21
Q

Examples of Sulfonylureas

A
  • gliclazide
    -glimepiride
  • glipizide
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22
Q

Mechanism of action of Metformin

A

Enhances insulin binding to the beta cell insulin receptor

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23
Q

treatment-resistant schizophrenia

A
  • give clozapine
    if patients are experiencing sedation, decrease dose and review
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24
Q

Increased dosage of dopamine can cause

A

Extrapyramidal syndrome

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25
Q

Extrapyramidal syndrome

A

4 types:
1. Parkinsonism
2. Akathisia
3. Acute Dystonia
5. Tardive Dyskinesia

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26
Q

Patient exhibits symptoms of Extrapyramidal syndrome: most appropriate management?

A

First approach is to consider a reduction in dopaminergic supplementation, without loss of therapeutic efficacy.

If this cannot be achieved, an alternate medication like amantadine, pergolide

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27
Q

Drugs to avoid in patients with Parkinson’s

A

strong dopamine antagonists
- Haloperidol

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28
Q

Epileptic drugs on OCP

A

Epileptic drugs induce liver enzymes and reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptive pills by 40%.
- There is 6% failure rate when low-dose oral contraceptive pills are used in women taking anti-epileptic medications (just like St John’s wort)
- In such situation, **oral contraceptive pills with high oestrogen content **(Microgynon 50) should be used to minimise the risk of “pill failure”

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29
Q

List of epileptic drugs

A
  • phenytoin
  • carbamazepine/Oxcarbazepine
  • barbiturates
  • topiramate
  • Primidone
    – Valproic acid.
    – Gabapentin.
    – Levetiracetam.
    – Pregabalin.
    – Vigabatrin
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30
Q

List of chemotherapeutic drugs

A
  • cyclophosphamide
  • ifosfamide
  • Adriamycin (doxorubicin)
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31
Q

Non-inducing antiepileptic medication

A

– Valproic acid.
– Gabapentin.
– Levetiracetam.
– Pregabalin.
– Vigabatrin

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32
Q

antibiotics can produce a clinical disturbance similar to
botulism

A

Gentamicin prevents the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings like botulinum toxin
- can cause muscle paralysis in high-risk patients.
- Symptoms subside rapidly
as the responsible drug is eliminated

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33
Q

Side effects of Gentamicin

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Autotoxicity
  • Flaccid paralysis
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34
Q

Contraindications of Gentamicin

A
  • pre-existing disturbance of neuromuscular
    transmission
  • Myasthenia gravis
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35
Q

Contraindications of asthma

A
  • beta blockers
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36
Q

Essential tremor treatment in a patient that has asthma

A
  • Primidone (1st choice)
  • low dose benzodiazepines
  • Stereotactic thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation on treatment-resistant essential tremors
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37
Q

situations when the patient can continue to take hypnotics

A

Use of medication for up to 6 months or even years:
1. Patient must be aware of this that he/she is dependent on that specific hypnotic.
2. There is no history of any adverse event or adverse side effect from that
medication.
3. Reduction program has been unsuccessful

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38
Q

Digitalis toxicity in ECG

A
  1. ST depression and T wave inversion in V5-6 in a reversed tick pattern.
  2. Bradycardia
  3. Prolonged PR
  4. Shortened QT
  5. Arrhythmias, especially heart block or bigeminy
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39
Q

Signs of raised intracranial pressure

A
  • vomiting
  • bradycardia
  • hypertension
  • drowsiness
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40
Q

Features of hypertensive encephalopathy

A
  • higher blood pressures
    more than 180/120 with an insidious onset
  • headache
  • emesis
  • confusion
  • restlessness and seizures
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41
Q

Amitriptyline/Amiodarone overdose ECG Changes
(TCA toxicity)

A

Widening of QRS complex
Prolongation of the PR and QT intervals
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation

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42
Q

Amiodarone overdose ECG Changes

A

Widening of QRS complex
Prolongation of the PR and QT intervals
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation

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43
Q

common cause of false positive elevation of plasma normetanephrine and norepinephrine level in a patient on pheochromocytoma

A
  • Major depression(45%) TCA
  • Congestive cardiac failure
    – Panic disorder
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44
Q

TCA side effects

A
  • hyperprolactinemia
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45
Q

Raised INR is between 5-9 without bleeding in a patient receiving warfarin

A
  • cease warfarin
  • give vitamin K orally or intramuscularly and check INR within 24 hours
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46
Q

Raised INR is between 5-9 with bleeding in a patient receiving warfarin

A
  • Intracranial bleed
  • Retroperitoneal bleed
  • Intraocular bleed
  • Muscle bleed with compartment syndrome
  • Pericardial bleed
  • Active bleed with hypotension or 2 g fall in haemoglobin
  • urgent prothrominex-VF
  • fresh frozen plasma immediately
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47
Q

INR reversal

A
  • No active bleeding: Vitmain k only
  • Active bleeding: ProthrombAinex-VF + Vit K
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48
Q

Vitmain K contraindications

A

anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome

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49
Q

Medication that cause alopecia

A
  • lithium (12-19%)
  • sodium valproate
  • carbamazepine
  • phenytoin
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50
Q

How long does vitamin K1 takes to have a therapeutic effect?

A

IV: 6–8 hours
oral: withing 24 hours
never do IM (haematoma, bleeding)

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51
Q

Earliest sign of dose-related toxicity of
carbamazepine

A

Diplopia within 60 minutes after the morning dose

52
Q

INR greater than
therapeutic range but
less than 4.5 and
NO bleeding

A
  • Reduce or withhold next dose of warfarin based on sensitivity risk factors
  • Resume lower dose of warfarin once INR approaches therapeutic range. If INR is only minimally above therapeutic range (i.e. by 10%) dose reduction is generally not necessary
53
Q

INR 4.5–10 and
NO bleeding

A
  • Cease warfarin. Consider reasons for elevated INR and patient specific factors. Vitamin K is usually not required.
    If bleeding risk high* give vitamin K#
    1-2 mg orally or 0.5–1 mg IV.
  • Check INR within 24 hours. Resume lower dose of warfarin once INR approaches therapeutic range
54
Q

INR greater than 10
and
NO bleeding

A

Cease warfarin. Give vitamin K#3-5 mg orally (the higher
dose may lead to difficult re-warfarinisation) or 0.5-1 mg IV. If bleeding risk is high*, consider ProthrombinexTM -VF 15-30 units/kg.
- Check INR in 12 to 24 hours and continue to monitor every one to two days over the following week.
- Resume lower dose of warfarin once INR approaches therapeutic range

55
Q

INR greater than or
equal to 1.5 with life-threatening (critical
organ) bleeding

A
  • Cease warfarin. Give vitamin K#
    5-10 mg IV,
    ProthrombinexTM -VF 50 units/kg and FFP 150-300 mL. If ProthrombinexTM
    -VF is unavailable, increase FFP dose to
    15 mL/kg.
  • Assess INR frequently until clinically stable
56
Q

INR greater than or
equal to 2 with
clinically significant
bleeding (not life threatening)

A
  • Cease warfarin. Give vitamin K#
    5-10 mg IV and
    ProthrombinexTM-VF 35-50 units/kg. If prothrombinexTM-VF is unavailable, give FFP 15 mL/kg.
  • Assess INR frequently until clinically stable
57
Q

Any INR with minor
bleeding

A

Omit warfarin. Repeat INR the following day and adjust warfarin dose to maintain INR in target therapeutic range.
If bleeding risk is high* or INR greater than 4.5, consider vitamin K#1-2 mg orally or 0.5-1 mg IV.

58
Q

Contraindications to donepezil

A

-Gastrointestinal or ureteric obstruction.
-Active peptic ulcer.
-Heart block.
-Bradyarrhythmias (sick sinus syndrome).
-COPD
-Parkinson’s disease

NOTE: critically important to do an electrocardiography to rule out any heart block or bradycardia

59
Q

raloxifene decreases the incidence of

A

vertebral fractures

60
Q

raloxifene increases the incidence of

A

hot flushes

61
Q

If one osteoporosis treatment isnt’ working, what would be the next appropriate step?

A

If the original treatment dose is already at its peak, then next thing would be to cease original treatment and start a new one

62
Q

Medication that could result in a tendon lesion in males over 40 years

A

fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin)

63
Q

Contraindications of warfarin

A

– Active bleeding.
– Uncontrolled hypertension.
– History of intracranial bleeding.
– Liver disease with impaired synthetic functions.
– Pregnancy

64
Q

Acute side-effects of corticosteroids

A

Hyperglycaemia
hypertension
fluid
retention
myopathy
psychological disturbances

65
Q

Which medication antagonise the effect of the donepezil?

A

Drugs with anticholinergic activity:
-amitriptyline
-promethazine
-oxybutynin

66
Q

Effects of adenosine

A

-treatment of choice for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
- blocks transmission through AV nodes
- short half life of 10 to 15 seconds (given as rapid
intravenous bolus followed by a saline flush)
- contraindicated in patients with asthma

67
Q

Unfractionated heparin effect reversal

A

Protamine sulphate
- Fresh frozen plasma if active bleeding

68
Q

NSAID’s during pregnancy

A

Safe up to 32 weeks

After 32 weeks can cause:
-Premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus.
-Delay labour and birth.
-Oligohydramnios via an effect on fetal renal function.

69
Q

Osteonecrosis of the jaw cause

A

High doses of intravenous bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid)

70
Q

bisphosphonates contraindications

A

-Oesophageal stricture.
-Oesophagal achalasia.
-Inability to remain upright for at least 30 minutes.
-Renal failure with creatinine clearance below 35 ml/minute.
-Hypocalcaemia.
-Osteonecrosis of the jaw from chemotherapy, radiotherapy

71
Q

Side effects of TCA

A

1-Dry mouth.
2-Sedation.
3-Confusion.
4-Delirium.
5-Urinary retention.
6.Glaucoma.
7-Tremors
8-Weight gain.
9-Postural hypotension.
10-Sexual dysfunction.
11-Lowered seizure threshold.

72
Q

Factors that increase the clearance of theophylline

A

ethanol
smoking
high protein
barbecued meat
low carbohydrate diet

73
Q

Alcohol/Opiate abuse medication

A
  • Naltrexone (substitute for methadone)
74
Q

Naltrexone contraindications

A
  1. Patients receiving opioid analgesics.
  2. Patients currently dependent on opioids since an acute withdrawal syndrome may
    ensue.
  3. Patients in acute opioid withdrawal.
  4. Any individual with acute hepatitis or liver failure
75
Q

Factors that increase the risk of bleeding during warfarin therapy

A
  • Diabetes mellitus.
    – Acute or chronic alcohol abuse. This is correct response in this situation.
    – Increasing age especially if more than 75 years.
    – Poor drug adherence.
    – Liver disease
    – Prior haemorrhagic stroke.
    – Chronic kidney disease.
    – The presence of bleeding lesion (gastrointestinal bleed).
    – The presence of malignancy
76
Q

Medication that can increase warfarin’s anticoagulant effect and risk of
bleeding

A

Fibrates (gemfibrozil)

77
Q

Bosentan mechanism of action

A

dual endothelin-receptor antagonist of endothelin-1 at the endothelin-A and
endothelin-B receptors

Bosentan works by blocking endothelin receptors, which are involved in narrowing blood vessels. By blocking these receptors, bosentan helps relax and widen the blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure, particularly in the lungs. This helps treat conditions like pulmonary arterial hypertension.

78
Q

PPI mechanism of action

A

Irreversible blockade of hydrogen (H )-potassium (K ) ATPase

79
Q

PPI complications

A
  • Decreased vitamin B-12 absorption
  • Decreased iron absorption
  • Decreased calcium absorption leading to hip fractures in elderly
  • Clostridium difficile infection risk > 6 months
  • inappropriate ADH secretion
80
Q

hepatotoxicity medication

A
  • flucloxacillin
  • methotrexate
  • PTU
  • Statin
  • Paracetamol
  • Phenytoin
81
Q

neurotoxic medication

A
  • Cefepime (elderly)
82
Q

Tetracycline side effects

A
  • Severe photosensitivity.
    – Discolorations of the skin.
    – Pneumonitis.
    – Serum sickness.
    – Autoimmune hepatitis

NOTE: contraindicated in children < 8 years due to dental staining

83
Q

Causes of pinpoint pupils

A

1- Structural pons disease.
2- Opiates such as heroin and morphine
3- Barbiturates.
4- Organophosphates.
5- Clonidine.
6-Pilocarpine eye drops-para-sympathomimetic alkaloid

84
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate failing to provide adequate symptom relief

A
  1. Reduced drug potency
  2. Tolerance
85
Q

CCB drug interaction

A

combined with NSAIDs increases the risk iof bradycardia

86
Q

ACEi side effects

A

angioedema

87
Q

ACEi contraindications

A

Absolute:
- History of angioedema regard less of cause
- (even if not due to ACE inhibitor)
- Pregnancy (due to harm to fetus)
- Bilateral renal artery stenosis
- Previous allergic reaction to ACE inhibitors

Relative
- Aortic stenosis
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

88
Q

ACEi renal injury

A

Decreasing renal efferent vasoconstriction
- Found in bilateral RAS
- combined with NSAIDs increase the risk of prerenal failure

89
Q

Aromatase inhibitors side effects

A
  • osteoporosis
  • cardiac issues
90
Q

Aromatase inhibitors indications

A

Block oestrogen synthesis
- used for breast and ovarian cancer

Aromatase inhibitors are medications that block the enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for converting androgens (male hormones) into estrogens (female hormones). By inhibiting this enzyme, aromatase inhibitors reduce the amount of estrogen in the body. They are commonly used to treat certain types of breast cancer that depend on estrogen to grow.

91
Q

Acetazolamide indications

A

– Acute angle-closure glaucoma
– Treatment of altitude sickness.
– Prevention of altitude sickness.
– Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

92
Q

Cardiac arrest due to hypokalaemia

A
  • 5mmol Potassium chloride
93
Q

Exenatide mechanism of action

A
  • increases insulin secretion in response to eating meals
  • Higher insulin to lover blood sugar rise from food
  • slows down gastric emptying
  • suppresses glucagon
94
Q

Bupivacaine

A
  • more potent and longer duration of action than lignocaine
  • also more cardiotoxic than lignocaine
  • side effects and toxicity are additive of the two local anaesthetics
  • in addition with epinephrine prolongs duration of action + decreases local bleeding
95
Q

Tirofiban contraindications

A

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor
-History of intracranial neoplasm
-Acute pericarditis
– History of vasculitis
– Aortic dissection

96
Q

HRT side effects

A

1-Increased risk of acute coronary syndromes.
2-Stroke.
3-Pulmonary embolism.
4-Deep venous thrombosis.
5-Reduced cognitive functions

97
Q

thiazolidinedione contraindications

A
  • Any degree of cardiac failure (absolute)
  • History of cardiac failure
  • -Ischemic heart disease (especially those on nitrates)
  • -Liver dysfunction (relative contraindication)
98
Q

azathioprine for RA testing

A

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme activity (most important)
- can result in severe

immunosuppression
Chest X-ray,
FBC
CRP
ESR
hepatitis B & C
renal and liver function tests

99
Q

Drugs that can cause hypokalaemia and metabolic acidosis

A

Acetazolamide
Thiazide with loop diuretics

100
Q

Thiazide side effects

A

1-Hyponatraemia.
2-Hypokalaemia.
3-Hyperuricaemia.
4-Orthostatic hypotension.
5-Hypomagnesaemia.
6-Hyperglycaemia.
7-Hypercalcaemia.
8-Dyslipidaemia-increase in cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride concentration and reduce HDL.
9-Orthostatic hypotension and dizziness.

101
Q

Drugs that can cause hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis

A

Amiloride

102
Q

Statin

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor metabolised by CYP3A4

103
Q

statin + macrolide antibiotics

A

macrolide antibiotics inhibits the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of statin, leading to its increased serum concentrations and toxic effects
- result in rhabdomyolysis and myopathy

104
Q

digoxin + macrolide antibiotics

A

enhance the oral bioavailability of
digoxin leading to increased serum digoxin concentrations and possible digoxin toxicity

105
Q

digoxin + spironolactone

A

digoxin toxicity by hyperkalaemia

1-Prolongation of half-life of digoxin
2-Dehydration can cause renal failure and decrease renal clearance of digoxin.
3-Hyperkalemia can be a presentation of severe digoxin toxicity due to potassium sparing effect of spironolactone

106
Q

digoxin toxicity

A

Nausea + vomiting (initial)

107
Q

digoxin toxicity management

A
  • serum concentration should be measured at 6 hours from last dose
  • then every 2 to 4 hours until
    the concentration has decreased to normal range.
108
Q

aminoglycoside antibiotics contraindications

A

Ototoxic
- Concomitant use with furosemide
- chronic kidney disease
- Concomitant use of streptomycin
- myasthenia gravis

109
Q

sulfasalazine contraindications

A

skin rash
- hepatitis
- pancreatitis
- pneumonitis
-agranulocytosis
- thrombocytopenia
- aplastic anaemia

110
Q

sulfasalazine side effects

A
  • nausea,
  • headache
  • fever
  • rash
  • oligospermia and infertility (reversible with drug
    discontinuation)
111
Q

Empagliflozin

A

sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
- reduce cardiovascular mortality 35%
- glycosuria results in improved diabetes control

112
Q

SGLT2 side effects

A

– Weight loss.
– Aggravation of the level of dehydration due to fluid losses from the kidney.
– Increased risk of urinary tract infections.

113
Q

Absolute contraindications to epidural anaesthesia

A

-Patient refusal
-Full anticoagulation
-Infection at the injection site
-Septicaemia
-Hypovolaemia
-Allergy to local anaesthetic
Relative contraindications include:
-Partial anticoagulation
-Pre-existing neurological deficit
-Back pain

114
Q

Glucocorticoids in increased bones loss

A

direct suppressive effect on osteoblastic activity
- increases bone resorption and reduces bone formation

115
Q

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) contraindications

A

-Gastrointestinal or ureteric obstruction.
-Active peptic ulcer.
-Heart block.
-Bradyarrhythmias (including sick sinus syndrome).
-COPD
-Parkinson’s disease

116
Q

flushing + erythema + pruritus more predominant in the upper boys, face and neck

A

Red Man Syndrome
- Idiosyncratic drug reaction

What is Red Man Syndrome?
- Red Man Syndrome is an idiosyncratic reaction, meaning it’s an unpredictable response that doesn’t depend on the dose or duration of drug use. It’s most commonly associated with the antibiotic vancomycin.

Symptoms:
- Symptoms include red or flushed skin (particularly on the upper body, neck, and face), itching, rash, and sometimes low blood pressure. It’s caused by the rapid release of histamine, a chemical that can lead to these allergic-type reactions.

Why it Happens:
- It typically occurs when vancomycin is infused too quickly. The rapid infusion causes the release of histamine from mast cells, leading to the symptoms.

Prevention and Management:
- To prevent it, vancomycin should be infused slowly, usually over at least 60 minutes.
- If symptoms appear, stopping the infusion, administering antihistamines like diphenhydramine, and restarting the infusion at a slower rate can help manage the reaction.

Red Man Syndrome is not a true allergic reaction, but rather a side effect of how the drug is administered. Proper management of the infusion rate is key to preventing this syndrome.

117
Q

Red Man Syndrome management

A

mild/moderate reactions: lower infusion rate of vancomycin + antihistamine

118
Q

Aspirin indications

A

1- Coronary angioplasty
2- Coronary artery bypass graft
3- Peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease
4- Peripheral arterial grafting
5- Suspected or evolving myocardial infarction
6- Stable and unstable angina
7- Atrial fibrillation

119
Q

Apixaban dose reduction indication

A

reduced to 2.5mg twice daily
– Age more than 80 years.
– Weight below 60 Kg.
– Chronic renal failure with a serum creatinine of higher than 133 µmol/L

120
Q

Apixaban contraindication

A

creatinine clearance is below 25ml/min

121
Q

Apixaban surgery indication

A

Non-valvular AF
- Elective hip or knee surgery

122
Q

Most common side effect of CCB

A

peripheral oedema
- headache 2nd most common

123
Q

CC + SSRI

A

hypotension and compensatory tachycardia
- SSRls inhibit hepatic metabolism of CCBs leading to increased plasma levels of nifedipine

124
Q

Chemotherapeutic + RA

A

Macroscopic haematuria
- give Mesna

125
Q

Doxorubicin primary toxicity

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

126
Q

Niacin inhibitor

A
  • azathioprine
  • 5-flurouracil
  • 6-mercaptopurine
  • phenobarbitone
127
Q

Niacin analogue

A

Isoniazid

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