Nutrition for Health Flashcards

1
Q

Marasmus

A

DRY (thin, desiccated)
Grossly underweight, gross muscle wasting, abdominal distension, no fat hungry, old man’s face, no oedema, normal hair.

Caused by a diet low in protein and calories.

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2
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

WET (oedematous, swollen)
Oedema (feet first, then generalised), ‘moon’ face, anorexia, hair pale and thinned, apathetic, skin changes.

Causes: a diet low in protein with some carbohydrate, leading to hypoalbuminaemia.

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3
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin A (beta-carotene/retinol)

A

Night blindness

Eye disease as dryness with keratinisation of the conjunctivae and cornea.

Growth retardation in children.

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4
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

Beriberi: dry (neuropathy) or wet (heart failure)

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (typically in alcoholics).

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5
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

Growth retardation
Dry scaly skin
Angular cheilitis

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6
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid)

A

Pellagra
Triad: diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis ± neuropathy

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7
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

Oral soreness
Anaemia
CNS dysfunction

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8
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

A

Pernicious anaemia.
Triad: Neuropathy, glossitis and memory dysfunction.

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9
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin C (
ascorbic acid)

A

Scurvy: muscle weakness, malaise, fatigue, bleeding swollen inflamed gums, atraumatic haemarthrosis, cachexia, oedema, impaired wound healing, impaired bone growth.

Sign: Hyperkeratotic hair follicle with surrounding hyperaemia.

Diagnosis by decreased plasma ascorbic acid and X-rays of bones and joints.

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10
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin D (calciferol)

A

Rickets

Children: impaired growth, skeletal deformities (bow legs, pelvis, ‘rachitic rosary’), inability to walk, bone pain (arms, legs, spine, pelvis), dental deformities, muscle weakness.

Adults: osteomalacia (muscle weakness, bone pain, bowing of long bones.

Diagnosis:
Low plasma 25(OH)D3 and phosphate
Elevated PTH and alkaline phosphatase
X-rays of joints and long bones of the leg

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11
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Folic acid

A

Pernicious anaemia
Neural tube defects in the fetus

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12
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Iodine

A

Iodine-deficient areas have high rates of: Stillbirths, congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism, goitre and hypothyroidism.

Adequate intake 150 mcg/day
Pregnancy 220 mcg/day
Breastfeeding 290 mcg/day

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13
Q

Micronutrient Deficiencies: Zinc

A

Affects taste, smell and the skin.

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