Nutrition for Health Flashcards
Marasmus
DRY (thin, desiccated)
Grossly underweight, gross muscle wasting, abdominal distension, no fat hungry, old man’s face, no oedema, normal hair.
Caused by a diet low in protein and calories.
Kwashiorkor
WET (oedematous, swollen)
Oedema (feet first, then generalised), ‘moon’ face, anorexia, hair pale and thinned, apathetic, skin changes.
Causes: a diet low in protein with some carbohydrate, leading to hypoalbuminaemia.
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin A (beta-carotene/retinol)
Night blindness
Eye disease as dryness with keratinisation of the conjunctivae and cornea.
Growth retardation in children.
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Beriberi: dry (neuropathy) or wet (heart failure)
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (typically in alcoholics).
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Growth retardation
Dry scaly skin
Angular cheilitis
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid)
Pellagra
Triad: diarrhoea, dementia, dermatitis ± neuropathy
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Oral soreness
Anaemia
CNS dysfunction
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Pernicious anaemia.
Triad: Neuropathy, glossitis and memory dysfunction.
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin C (
ascorbic acid)
Scurvy: muscle weakness, malaise, fatigue, bleeding swollen inflamed gums, atraumatic haemarthrosis, cachexia, oedema, impaired wound healing, impaired bone growth.
Sign: Hyperkeratotic hair follicle with surrounding hyperaemia.
Diagnosis by decreased plasma ascorbic acid and X-rays of bones and joints.
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Vitamin D (calciferol)
Rickets
Children: impaired growth, skeletal deformities (bow legs, pelvis, ‘rachitic rosary’), inability to walk, bone pain (arms, legs, spine, pelvis), dental deformities, muscle weakness.
Adults: osteomalacia (muscle weakness, bone pain, bowing of long bones.
Diagnosis:
Low plasma 25(OH)D3 and phosphate
Elevated PTH and alkaline phosphatase
X-rays of joints and long bones of the leg
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Folic acid
Pernicious anaemia
Neural tube defects in the fetus
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Iodine
Iodine-deficient areas have high rates of: Stillbirths, congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism, goitre and hypothyroidism.
Adequate intake 150 mcg/day
Pregnancy 220 mcg/day
Breastfeeding 290 mcg/day
Micronutrient Deficiencies: Zinc
Affects taste, smell and the skin.