Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

269 > WM > Flashcards

WM Flashcards

1
Q

Cowan, 2014

What is working memory?

A

Small amount of information held in mind/used in execution of cognitive tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“Small amount of information held in mind/used in execution of cognitive tasks”

Who gave this definition of WM?

A

Cowan, 2014

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Information processing approach was developed in 1950s as an alternative to

A

Behaviourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Information processing approach is based on

A

A computer metaphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 assumptions of the information processing approach

A
  1. Info moves through stores
  2. Info moves serially
  3. Cog. system has limited capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Information processing approach

Our cog system has a limited capacity, therefore tasks…

A

Can be placed on a continuum relative to the capacity they require

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who devised one of the first information processing models?

A

Atkinson + Shiffrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Current model of Information Processing

What 3 things feed into WM

A

Attention
Executive control
Retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Info processing approach

Cog. development involves changes in

A

Hardware

Software

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 Processing Limitations (Brainerd, 1983)

A

Encoding
Retrieval
Storage
Metacognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How might encoding limitations affect working memory? (2)

A

Lack of attention

Lack of encoding strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ability to focus on part of something

A

Selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Miller + Seier, 1994

Young children who need to remember locations of animals make task more difficult….

A

By also looking at location of task-irrelevant household items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Flavell et al., 1966

Initially, children under 10 were thought not

A

To use rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ornstein et al., 1975

Originally, children <10 were thought not to rehearse. However, it is

A

Now recognised children DO rehearse, just in a less effective way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hulme et al., 1984

With age, children can read or say…. and….

A

Say words at faster rate

Memory span increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Further evidence that rehearsal helps encoding comes from

A

Bilingual studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ellis + Hennelly, 1980

Why do Welsh speaking children have better memory for numbers in English?

A

English number can be articulated quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ellis + Hennelly, 1980

Welsh children have better memory for English numbers as they can be articulated quicker. This is evidence of

A

Rehearsal helping encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 Encoding strategies

A

Rehearsal
Organistion
Elaboration

21
Q

Moely., 1969

How do children <10 use organisation strategies?

A

They don’t

No categorisation of items into easily remembered groups

22
Q

Children can remember PAIRS of words better if

A

There is an association between them

23
Q

Children remember pairs of words better if there is an association. Young children (2)

A
  1. Seem to be unable to make associations

2. If they do, they’re less effective

24
Q

Children may know the retrieval strategy needed, but fail to retrieve it. This may reflect

A

Lack of knowledge

Experience using retrieval strategies

25
Q

Kreutzer et al., 1975

While 10 year olds can name at least one retrieval strategy….

A

Only 1/2 of 5 year olds can

26
Q

Kreutzer et al., 1975

At what age can children begin to use retrieval strategies?

A

10

27
Q

Dempster, 1984

Storage capacity

A

Increases with age

28
Q

What else can affect storage, other than age?

A

Experience

29
Q

Chi (1978)

Adults vs 10 year old chess experts.
Findings:

A

Children had BETTER memory for chess board positions

30
Q

Chi (1978)

Children had better memory for chess board positions than adults. This suggests

A

Experience can affect storage ability

31
Q

Span tests measure

A

STM

32
Q

A more sensitive test of WM is when

A

Information is transformed + stored

33
Q

Alloway, Gathercole + Pickering, 2006

WM span is usually

A

2 items less than a child’s STM span

34
Q

Flavell et al., 1970

Children overestimate…

A

Their own memory

35
Q

In very young children, why might the use of strategies impair recall?

A

Too little WM capacity to use strategies too

36
Q

Ringel + Springer, 1980 state that children don’t realise…

A

How useful strategies are

37
Q

More knowledge sometimes produces negative effects. For example (3)

A
  1. Falsely “recalling” details
  2. Overgeneralising facts to situations
  3. Adding facts that fit in with prev knowledge but don’t apply to specific situation
38
Q

Working memory supports other developing skills…(3)

A
  1. Language
  2. Academic skills
  3. General school readiness
39
Q

Gathercole + Baddeley (1983)

3-4 year olds with BETTER WM learned…

A

Novel labels faster than children with poor WM

40
Q

WM is important to vocabulary acquisition and

A

Language comprehension

41
Q

WM skills at age 4 predict…

A

Reading and writing at age 6

42
Q

WM at age 5 was a better predictor of literacy than…

A

IQ

43
Q

_______ WM is most strongly associated with maths performance in young children

A

Visuospatial

44
Q

______ WM is most strongly associated with maths performance in older children

A

Verbal

45
Q

Verbal WM is most strongly associated with maths performance in….

A

Older children

46
Q

Different types of WM are used depending on…

A

Format of the problem

47
Q

Why are children with poor WM unable to meet the learning demands of structured activities?

A

WM becomes overloaded

Crucial info needed to guide task is lost

48
Q

How can teachers help children with WM deficits? (2)

A
  1. Auditory support (1 by 1)

2. Visual support (checklists etc)

269 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions