Emotional Development Flashcards by Sophie Rennison

Grossman (2010)

Infants can recognise positive and negative emotions from

3 months

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Grossman (2010)

At 3 months, infants can

Distinguish between positive and negative emotions

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Grossman (2010)

By 7 months, infants can

Distinguish between negative emotions

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Grossman (2010)

At what age can infants distinguish between negative emotions?

7 months

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Sroufe, 1995

Between 3rd-8th week

Infants smile in reaction to external stimuli

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Sroufe, 1995

Infants smile in reaction to external stimuli

3rd-8th week

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Ellsworth et al., 1983

3m infants are more likely to smile…

At people than puppets

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Ellsworth et al., 1983

At what age do infants become more likely to smile at people than puppets?

3 months

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Ellsworth et al., 1983

3 month olds: More likely to

7 month olds: More likely to

Smile at people than puppets

Smile at familiar than unfamiliar people

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Ellsworth et al., 1983

7ms are more likely to smile at familiar than unfamiliar people, as this

Prolongs social interactions/bonds

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Kagan et al., 1978

At 1 years old, infants

Begin laughing at surprising/unexpected events

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2 studies of Positive Emotions

Ellsworth et al.,

Kagan et al.,

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Bennett et al., 2002

Debate as to whether

Infants experience specific or generalised distress

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Bennett et al., 2002

Infants often experience distress in ___________

Incongruent situations

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Izard et al., 1987

Facial expression studied in 2m

Can distinguish between anger/sadness and pain distress

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Sroufe 1995
Fear

4 month olds infants become

Wary of OBJECTS but not people

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Sroufe 1995
Fear

4 month olds become wary of …. but not….

Objects

People

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Sroufe 1995
Fear

At what age do infants become wary of objects and not people?

4 months

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Camras et al., 1991
Fear

At 6 months, infants

Display observable fear

Particularly to strangers

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Camras et al., 1991
Fear

Fear intensifies until

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Camras et al., 1991
Fear

Intensifies til 2, but varies depending on

Temperament

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Kagan et al., 1978
Fear

At what age does fear to specific things emerge?

Around 7 months

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Kagan et al., 1978
Fear

Fear may be an…. tool

Adaptive (for getting help)

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Kagan 1976
Anxiety

Anxiety emerges at

Around 8 months old

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Kagan 1976 Anxiety Anxiety usually emerges in response to

Being away from caregiver

Kagan 1976 Anxiety The anxiety will be more intense if it

Is the caregiver walking away vs infant

Kagan 1976 Anxiety Anxiety increases from

8-15 months

Kagan 1976 Anxiety Anxiety increases from 8-15 months then

Naturally declines

Kagan 1976 Anxiety Found across all

Cultures

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990 Anger By .... infants begin to clearly express anger

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990 Anger By their first birthday

Infants clearly express anger, often towards people

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990 Anger Anger suffers a sharp

Increase for up to 16 months

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990 Anger At which age are toddlers quicker to respond with anger?

18 months

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990 Anger Toddlers are quicker to respond to anger at... than....

18 months | 36 months

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990 Anger Why are toddlers quicker to respond to anger at 18 months compared to 36?

Self regulation abilities developing

Stipek et al., 1990 SC Emotions By the end of the 2nd year

A range of emotions emerges, e.g. guilt/pride/shame/embarrassment

Guilt, pride, shame and embarrassment are known as

Self conscious emotions

Lewis 1990, SC Emotions Emergence of self-conscious emotions have been linked to

Developing a sense of self

Lewis et al., 1992 SC Emotions Emergence of SC emotions may ALSO be linked to

Growing awareness of others expectations

Barrett et al., 1993 SC emotions Experimental method

Rigged doll - one leg would fall off as experimenter left room

Barrett et al., 1993 SC emotions What were the two emotions that emerged in the 2 year olds?

Guilt and shame

How can guilt and shame be distinguished?

Shame is more focused on oneself

Davidson 1998 Emotional regulation What is self regulation?

Seeking to redirect/dampen emotion

Davidson 1998 Emotional regulation What evidence is there to suggest we might engage in emotional regulation all the time?

Emotion-inducing stimuli only occasionally triggers full-blown emotions

Mischel 1981, Emotional Regulation Method: The

Marshmallow Task

Mischel 1981, Emotional Regulation Better performance on the marshmallow task =

Better emotional regulation

Mischel 1981, Emotional Regulation What did the children who were able to self-regulate do to help themselves?

Used strategies e.g. singing/making up games

Zimber-Gembeck + Skinner (2012) Three step transition for emotional regulation

1. Caregiver SR 2. Cog strategies/prob-solving 3. Selection of appropriate strategies

Giano + Tronick 1998 ER Step 1 Parents help to regulate emotions by

Soothing/vocalisations

Jahromi et al., 2004 ER Step 1 Most reliable CG approach to infant ER?

Holding/rocking infants while talking soothingly

Grolnick et al., 1996 ER Step 1 How might infants attemp self-regulation? (2)

Averting gaze Self-soothing

Berger (2011) Developments in self regulation are largely due to

Language and inhibitory control developments

Campos 2004 Why might children be better at ER as their language develops?

More likely to negotiate than emotional outbursts

Zimber-Gembick + Skinner, 2011 Whereas young children use behavioural ER strategies, older children (2)

1. Problem solving | 2. Cognitive strategies

Diener + Kim (2004) Importance of ER Children with ER are... (3)

1. Better liked 2. Better adjusted 3. Have better interactions

Denham et al., 2012 Importance of ER In terms of school, children with ER are (3)

1. Do better (attention) 2. Better behaved 3. Better liked by teachers/peers

Caspi et al., 2003 Importance of ER Children ability to manage their emotions can

PREDICT later anxiety levels

Rothbart + Bates (1998) Temperament describes...

A persons emotional/attentional reactivity and self-regulation that shows consistency + stability over time

Rashbash et al., 2011 What evidence is there to suggest temperament might be hereditary?

Identical twins have more similar Ts than non-identical

How can we measure temperament?

Questionnaire scales (Irritability, attention span, positive affectivity) Lab measures

Emotional regulation is an important skill, and there is a ____ step developmental transition

Children's stable differences in emotional/emotional-reg domains are known as their

Temperament

Over time, the ability to select either cognitive or behavioural strategies appropriate to the situation improves. This is because (2)

1. Developments in planning/prob-solving skills | 2. Can distinguish between controllable/uncontrollable stressor

Example of an uncontrollable stressor

Parents arguing