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Emotional Development Flashcards

1
Q

Grossman (2010)

Infants can recognise positive and negative emotions from

A

3 months

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2
Q

Grossman (2010)

At 3 months, infants can

A

Distinguish between positive and negative emotions

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3
Q

Grossman (2010)

By 7 months, infants can

A

Distinguish between negative emotions

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4
Q

Grossman (2010)

At what age can infants distinguish between negative emotions?

A

7 months

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5
Q

Sroufe, 1995

Between 3rd-8th week

A

Infants smile in reaction to external stimuli

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6
Q

Sroufe, 1995

Infants smile in reaction to external stimuli

A

3rd-8th week

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7
Q

Ellsworth et al., 1983

3m infants are more likely to smile…

A

At people than puppets

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8
Q

Ellsworth et al., 1983

At what age do infants become more likely to smile at people than puppets?

A

3 months

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9
Q

Ellsworth et al., 1983

3 month olds: More likely to

7 month olds: More likely to

A

Smile at people than puppets

Smile at familiar than unfamiliar people

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10
Q

Ellsworth et al., 1983

7ms are more likely to smile at familiar than unfamiliar people, as this

A

Prolongs social interactions/bonds

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11
Q

Kagan et al., 1978

At 1 years old, infants

A

Begin laughing at surprising/unexpected events

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12
Q

2 studies of Positive Emotions

A

Ellsworth et al.,

Kagan et al.,

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13
Q

Bennett et al., 2002

Debate as to whether

A

Infants experience specific or generalised distress

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14
Q

Bennett et al., 2002

Infants often experience distress in ___________

A

Incongruent situations

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15
Q

Izard et al., 1987

Facial expression studied in 2m

A

Can distinguish between anger/sadness and pain distress

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16
Q

Sroufe 1995
Fear

4 month olds infants become

A

Wary of OBJECTS but not people

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17
Q

Sroufe 1995
Fear

4 month olds become wary of …. but not….

A

Objects

People

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18
Q

Sroufe 1995
Fear

At what age do infants become wary of objects and not people?

A

4 months

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19
Q

Camras et al., 1991
Fear

At 6 months, infants

A

Display observable fear

Particularly to strangers

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20
Q

Camras et al., 1991
Fear

Fear intensifies until

A

2

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21
Q

Camras et al., 1991
Fear

Intensifies til 2, but varies depending on

A

Temperament

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22
Q

Kagan et al., 1978
Fear

At what age does fear to specific things emerge?

A

Around 7 months

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23
Q

Kagan et al., 1978
Fear

Fear may be an…. tool

A

Adaptive (for getting help)

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24
Q

Kagan 1976
Anxiety

Anxiety emerges at

A

Around 8 months old

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25
Q

Kagan 1976
Anxiety

Anxiety usually emerges in response to

A

Being away from caregiver

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26
Q

Kagan 1976
Anxiety

The anxiety will be more intense if it

A

Is the caregiver walking away vs infant

27
Q

Kagan 1976
Anxiety

Anxiety increases from

A

8-15 months

28
Q

Kagan 1976
Anxiety

Anxiety increases from 8-15 months then

A

Naturally declines

29
Q

Kagan 1976
Anxiety

Found across all

A

Cultures

30
Q

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990
Anger

By …. infants begin to clearly express anger

A

1

31
Q

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990
Anger

By their first birthday

A

Infants clearly express anger, often towards people

32
Q

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990
Anger

Anger suffers a sharp

A

Increase for up to 16 months

33
Q

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990
Anger

At which age are toddlers quicker to respond with anger?

A

18 months

34
Q

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990
Anger

Toddlers are quicker to respond to anger at… than….

A

18 months

36 months

35
Q

Radke-Yarrow + Kochanska 1990
Anger

Why are toddlers quicker to respond to anger at 18 months compared to 36?

A

Self regulation abilities developing

36
Q

Stipek et al., 1990 SC Emotions

By the end of the 2nd year

A

A range of emotions emerges, e.g. guilt/pride/shame/embarrassment

37
Q

Guilt, pride, shame and embarrassment are known as

A

Self conscious emotions

38
Q

Lewis 1990, SC Emotions

Emergence of self-conscious emotions have been linked to

A

Developing a sense of self

39
Q

Lewis et al., 1992 SC Emotions

Emergence of SC emotions may ALSO be linked to

A

Growing awareness of others expectations

40
Q

Barrett et al., 1993 SC emotions

Experimental method

A

Rigged doll - one leg would fall off as experimenter left room

41
Q

Barrett et al., 1993 SC emotions

What were the two emotions that emerged in the 2 year olds?

A

Guilt and shame

42
Q

How can guilt and shame be distinguished?

A

Shame is more focused on oneself

43
Q

Davidson 1998
Emotional regulation

What is self regulation?

A

Seeking to redirect/dampen emotion

44
Q

Davidson 1998
Emotional regulation

What evidence is there to suggest we might engage in emotional regulation all the time?

A

Emotion-inducing stimuli only occasionally triggers full-blown emotions

45
Q

Mischel 1981, Emotional Regulation

Method: The

A

Marshmallow Task

46
Q

Mischel 1981, Emotional Regulation

Better performance on the marshmallow task =

A

Better emotional regulation

47
Q

Mischel 1981, Emotional Regulation

What did the children who were able to self-regulate do to help themselves?

A

Used strategies e.g. singing/making up games

48
Q

Zimber-Gembeck + Skinner (2012)

Three step transition for emotional regulation

A
  1. Caregiver SR
  2. Cog strategies/prob-solving
  3. Selection of appropriate strategies
49
Q

Giano + Tronick 1998
ER Step 1

Parents help to regulate emotions by

A

Soothing/vocalisations

50
Q

Jahromi et al., 2004
ER Step 1

Most reliable CG approach to infant ER?

A

Holding/rocking infants while talking soothingly

51
Q

Grolnick et al., 1996
ER Step 1

How might infants attemp self-regulation? (2)

A

Averting gaze

Self-soothing

52
Q

Berger (2011)

Developments in self regulation are largely due to

A

Language and inhibitory control developments

53
Q

Campos 2004

Why might children be better at ER as their language develops?

A

More likely to negotiate than emotional outbursts

54
Q

Zimber-Gembick + Skinner, 2011

Whereas young children use behavioural ER strategies, older children (2)

A
  1. Problem solving

2. Cognitive strategies

55
Q

Diener + Kim (2004)
Importance of ER

Children with ER are… (3)

A
  1. Better liked
  2. Better adjusted
  3. Have better interactions
56
Q

Denham et al., 2012
Importance of ER

In terms of school, children with ER are (3)

A
  1. Do better (attention)
  2. Better behaved
  3. Better liked by teachers/peers
57
Q

Caspi et al., 2003
Importance of ER

Children ability to manage their emotions can

A

PREDICT later anxiety levels

58
Q

Rothbart + Bates (1998)

Temperament describes…

A

A persons emotional/attentional reactivity and self-regulation that shows consistency + stability over time

59
Q

Rashbash et al., 2011

What evidence is there to suggest temperament might be hereditary?

A

Identical twins have more similar Ts than non-identical

60
Q

How can we measure temperament?

A

Questionnaire scales

(Irritability, attention span, positive affectivity)

Lab measures

61
Q

Emotional regulation is an important skill, and there is a ____ step developmental transition

A

3

62
Q

Children’s stable differences in emotional/emotional-reg domains are known as their

A

Temperament

63
Q

Over time, the ability to select either cognitive or behavioural strategies appropriate to the situation improves. This is because (2)

A
  1. Developments in planning/prob-solving skills

2. Can distinguish between controllable/uncontrollable stressor

64
Q

Example of an uncontrollable stressor

A

Parents arguing

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