SES

Question 1

Socioeconomic status

Answer 1

Measure of social/economic position in relation to others

Question 2

The best measures of SES use a composite score

Answer 2

Derived from

1. Parent education
2. Family income
3. Parent occupation
4. Area deprivation

Question 3

How can we get a comprehensive index of SES in the UK

Answer 3

IMD (index of multiple deprivation)

Question 4

Adler et al., 1999

SES thought to operate at multiple levels

Answer 4

1. Social capital
2. Human capital
3. Access to opportunities

Question 5

Farah et al., 2006

Participants

Answer 5

Low SES and mid SES households

Question 6

Farah et al., 2006

Findings - low SES (3)

Answer 6

Poorer on:

1. Language
2. Memory
3. Executive functions

Question 7

Executive functions are high-level…

Answer 7

Cog. skills involved in goal-directed thinking

Question 8

“High level cognitive skills involved in goal-directed thinking”

Answer 8

Executive functions

Question 9

Executive functions include skills like (2)

Answer 9

Working memory

Inhibitory control

Question 10

Banfield, 1968 (impulse/reward and SES)

Findings

Answer 10

Ability to resist impulse + appreciate value of future rewards increases with SES

Question 11

Banfield 1968

Which social group is more impulsive?

Answer 11

Lower SES

Question 12

Banfield 1968

Lower SES groups

Answer 12

Are more impulsive with rewards

Question 13

How did Farah et al.,s findings conflict Banfield?

Answer 13

He found no effect of SES on early reward processing

Question 14

Farah suggested that the correlation between impulse/SES…

Answer 14

Might emerge later in childhood (adaptation to contingencies learnt over time)

Question 15

Cragg + Gilmore, 2014

Executive functions are

Answer 15

Important for early maths

Question 16

What might be able to account for SES based differences in math skills?

Answer 16

Individual diffs. in executive functions

Question 17

Jordan, Huttenlocher + Levine 1994

Preschool children from lower SES families…

Answer 17

Begin school with less math knowledge

Question 18

Duncan + Brooks-Gunn, 1997

Children from lower SES often arrive

Answer 18

To school less prepared to learn, placing them at long-term academic risk

Question 19

Duncan et al., (2007)

Children from lower SES families often arrive in school less prepared to learn.

Possible reason for this?

Answer 19

Less exposure to numbers

Knock on effect on later skills

Question 20

Starkey + Klein (2008)

Cross-cultural research in…

Answer 20

China, Japan + US

Question 21

Starkey + Klein (2008)

Cross-cultural research

Findings (1)

Answer 21

1. SES-related gap in early maths knowledge at age 3

Question 22

Starkey + Klein (2008)

Cross-cultural research

The findings suggest that

Answer 22

Variables linking SES to math are present early in life

Question 23

Which researchers found that the SES gap widens with time?

Answer 23

Rathbun + West (2004)

Question 24

Rathbun + West (2004)

The SES gap widened…

Answer 24

Over the first 4 years of primary school

Question 25

Rathbun + West (2004) Findings (2)

Answer 25

1. Math achievement gap at school entry | 2. Gap widened over first 4 years of school

Question 26

Rathbun + West (2004) WHY might the gap widen over time?

Answer 26

Early math skills set a foundation for more advanced concepts

Question 27

There appears to be a ________ between SES and math achievement

Answer 27

Linear relationship

Question 28

Duncan + Magnuson (2012) The gap between lowest/highest SES groups are roughly twice as large as bottom and middle. This suggests

Answer 28

A fairly linear SES gradient for maths

Question 29

Mediation Model for SES and Math Skills includes (3)

Answer 29

1. SES 2. Executive functions 3. Math skills

Question 30

The mediation model What mediates the relationship between SES and math skills?

Answer 30

Executive functions

Question 31

A mediator variable

Answer 31

One that EXPLAINs the relationship between IV and DV

Question 32

Two main theoretical accounts of WHY the link between SES and poor achievement

Answer 32

1. Investment model | 2. Stress model

Question 33

Lareau (2002) Identified two parenting styles

Answer 33

1. 'Concerted cultivation' | 2. 'Natural growth'

Question 34

Lareau (2002) Natural growth

Answer 34

Development naturally unfolds as long as love/support/food etc is there

Question 35

Lareau (2002) 'Concerted cultivation'

Answer 35

Deliberate/sustained effort to stimulate development/cog skills

Question 36

Who found the two parenting styles - natural growth and concerted cultivation?

Answer 36

Concerted cultivation | Natural growth

Question 37

Lareau (2002) Which social group adopted the 'natural growth' style of parenting

Answer 37

Low SES

Question 38

Investment Model - how does it link SES to development

Answer 38

Low SES have less capital | Unable to invest as much in children

Question 39

Investment model + stress model Are they mutually exclusive?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

The investment and stress model are not ___________

Answer 40

Mutually exclusive

Question 41

Investment model Lower SES families .... (3)

Answer 41

1. Less cognitive stimulation 2. Less resources (e.g. games targeting academic skills) 3. Fewer tools for maths thinking

Question 42

Evans, 2004 (cognitive stimulation) Lower SES children (3)

Answer 42

Read less often Watch more TV Attend lower qual daycare

Question 43

Crosnoe et al., 2010 Availability of games/materials targeting academic skills in the home....

Answer 43

Predicts early math scores

Question 44

Starkey et al., 1999 (investment model) Method

Answer 44

Asked low/mid SES parents about nature/frequency of maths activities provided

Question 45

Starkey et al., 1999 (investment model) FIndings (mid-SES)

Answer 45

More likely to have range of maths activities. Broader/played with more frequently

Question 46

Blevins-Knabe + Musun-Miller (1996) Found that frequency in which children engaged in number-related activities....

Answer 46

Positively correlated with their maths skills

Question 47

Levine et al., (2010) Parental practices early in development predict math skills...

Answer 47

Longitudinally

Question 48

Chronic stress

Answer 48

Stress that persists abnormally/lasts for a long time

Question 49

Blevins-Knabe + Musun-Miller (1996) Investigated the relation between

Answer 49

Parent math practices + child's maths skills

Question 50

Blair et al., (2011) Stress Model Stress response systems....

Answer 50

Develop in a way that promotes REACTIVE responses rather than REFLECTIVE SELF-REGULATION

Question 51

Blair et al., (2011) In __________ environments, stress-response systems develop

Answer 51

Low-response and unpredictable

Question 52

Blair et al., (2011) RQ: What are the direct...

Answer 52

Effects of stress on cognitive development?

Question 53

Blair et al., (2011) Effects of chronic stress on development Findings (1)

Answer 53

2. High salivary cortisol at 7/15/24m predicted lower EF at age 3

Question 54

How can stress affect memories?

Answer 54

Formation of new memories from both pre and post traumatic event

Question 55

Sauro, Jorgenson + Pedlow (2003) If a child is bullied on the way to school,

Answer 55

They will remember that clearly | Memories for rest of day less clear

Question 56

Fischer et al., (2006) Participants

Answer 56

Foster children with dysfunctional activity in HPA axis

Question 57

Fischer et al., (2006) Method

Answer 57

Parental intervention

Question 58

Fischer et al., (2006) What was the parental intervention designed to do

Answer 58

Help them identify stress in infants/respond in sensitive way

Question 59

Fischer et al., (2006) Findings

Answer 59

Reduced HPA activity 9 months later due to nurturing parenting