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Play 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is free play different from adult play? (2)

A
  1. Freely chosen activity directed by participants

2. Undertaken for its own sake

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2
Q

Children are designed, by natural selection to play. This propensity

A

Manifests itself in hunter-gatherer cultures

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3
Q

Play has diminished with the rise of ______ and ________

A

Agriculture

Industrial revolution

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4
Q

When was the golden age of unstructured (free) play?

A

1900-1950

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5
Q

Since the ____, free play has declined

A

1950

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6
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001

Between 1981 and ____

A

1997

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7
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

25% less time spent

A

In play (indoor + outdoor)

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8
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

55% less time spent

A

Conversing with others at home

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9
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

145% more time spent

A

Doing school homework

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10
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

In 1997 the average child spent….therefore….

A

11 hours a week playing

Free play must have decreased more than 25%

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11
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

19% LESS time spent…… and 18% MORE time spent….

A

Watching TV

In school

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12
Q

Clements 2004

Asked 830 mothers to

A

Compare their children’s (3-12) play to their own play as children

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13
Q

Clements 2004

85% of the mothers agreed

A

Their own children played outdoors less

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14
Q

Clements 2004

Mothers (70%) –> Children (31%)

A

“Playing outside daily”

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15
Q

Clements 2004

What two things decreased between the mothers childhood and their child’s?

A

1 . Playing outside daily

2. Playing outside for >3hrs

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16
Q

Clements 2004

3 reasons cited for reduction in play from mother-child?

A

TV - 85%
Computer - 81%
Safety concerns - 82%

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17
Q

Singer et al., 2009

Mothers reported that …. ranked among activities that make children happiest

A

Playing outside

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18
Q

Singer et al., 2009

Mothers reported …. made children happier than….

A

Playing outside

Watching TV/Playing games

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19
Q

Playreport 2010

What was the assessment technique?

A

Survey

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20
Q

Playreport 2010

89% of children preferred… to

A

Outdoor play (friends)

Watching TV

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21
Q

Playreport 2010

Children preferred place to play is

A

Outdoors

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22
Q

Playreport 2010

Generally, children’s preferred place to play is outdoors in both… samples

A

US (69%)

International (58%)

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23
Q

Playreport 2010

Parent’s reasons to restrict outdoor play

A 
Child predators (49%)
Child molesters (78%)
Traffic accidents (52%)
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24
Q

Mental health in children and adolescents has

A

Declined

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25
Q

Evidence for the mental health decline in adolescents comes from

A

Standardised assessment questionnaires

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26
Q

There has been a ______ in anxiety and depression

A

Increase

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27
Q

3 questionnaires used to assess anxiety and depression?

A

Taylor’s Manifest Anxiety Scale
Children’s MA Scale
MMPI/MMPI-A

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28
Q

Taylor’s Manifest Anxiety Scale
Children’s MA Scale
MMPI/MMPI-A

These scales have all been used since

A

The 1950s

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29
Q

___% of young people in the most recent samples have anxiety and depression scores greater for same age group in 1950s

A

85%

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30
Q

85% of young people in the most recent samples have A + D greater than

A

Same age group in 1950s

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31
Q

Suicide rate between 1950 and 2005

Children below 15

A

4x

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32
Q

Suicide rate between 1950 and 2005

Adolescents between 15-24

A

2x

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33
Q

Rates of anxiety/depression were lower during: (3)

A

Great Depression
World War 2
Cold War

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34
Q

Rates of anxiety/depression were lower in Wars/Great Depression. This indicates

A

Changes in MH seems to be related to the way young people VIEW the world rather than how it actually is

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35
Q

What suggests that MH may be related to world-perceptions rather than world-reality?

A

Lower anxiety/depression rates in wars etc

36
Q

Individuals anxiety and depression correlates with

A

Locus of control

37
Q

Locus of control can be subdivided into

A

Internal

External

38
Q

Internal locus of control

A

I can control my own fate

39
Q

External locus of control

A

I can’t control my own fate

40
Q

“What’s going to happen to me will happen”

What is this an example of?

A

External locus of control

41
Q

“Trusting fate has never turned out as well as making a decision”

What is this an example of?

A

Internal locus of control

42
Q

How has LOC changed in college students (1960-2002)?

A

Shift from INTERNAL to EXTERNAL

43
Q

The shift from internal to external LOC (1960-2002) was so great that

A

2002: Avg young person was more external than 80% of people in the 60s

44
Q

Aside from A/D and LOC, what else has changed changed in the last 50 years?

A

Narcissism

Materialism

45
Q

Who identified the locus of control?

A

Rotter, 1954

46
Q

How can the locus of control be measured?

A

Internal-external locus of control scale

47
Q

Narcissism

A

Inflated view of self

48
Q

How can narcissism be measured?

A

Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)

49
Q
  1. Exploit others for personal gain
  2. Value self-aggrandisement over cooperation
  3. Rank themselves unduly high in leadership abilities

These are all characteristic of…

A

Narcissism

50
Q

Narcissists rank themselves unduly high in….

A

Leadership abilities

51
Q

Narcississts value _____ over cooperation

A

Self-aggrandisement

52
Q

High self-esteem in narcissism masks…

A

Fragile/defensive variety of self-esteem

53
Q

What locus of control do Narcissists tend to have?

A

External locus of control

54
Q

Narcissists attribute the lack of congruity between perceived qualities and lack of status/achievement to….

A

Factors beyond their control (External LOC)

55
Q

Narcissists commonly experience ______ when their experiences with reality counter their high self-views

A

Anxiety/depression

56
Q

Narcissists commonly experience anxiety/depression when

A

Experiences with reality counter high-self views

57
Q

Desires to develop a meaningful philosophy of life has ______ from 1967-2006

A

Decreased (86-42%)

58
Q

High school students have more unrealistic (______) expectations about future careers

A

Narcissistic

59
Q

Materialism
1967-2006
What INCREASED from 46-73%?

A

Desires to be well off financially

60
Q

Intrinsic goals

A

Actions/goals are generally same

61
Q

Extrinsic goals

A

Actions are unpleasant chores

Action –> end connections are not always certain

62
Q

Making money/achieving high status is an example of

A

An extrinsic goal

63
Q

Twenge believes we shift from _____ to _______

A

Intrinsic to extrinsic goals

64
Q

Increased anxiety may have resulted from (2)

A

Increased anxiety

Reduced sense of community

65
Q

Families in general have become more _____ socially

A

Isolated

66
Q

How might narcissism result in increased anxiety?

A

Excessive focus on self

Reduced focus on others

67
Q

Play means children develop _____ and competencies

A

Intrinsic interests

68
Q

In school, children work for grades and praise (________)

A

Extrinsic goals

69
Q

Adult-directed sports

Extrinsic or intrinsic goals?

A

Extrinsic goals

70
Q

In adult-directed sports, children work for praise/trophies (_______)

A

Extrinsic goals

71
Q

Why are adult-directed sports extrinsic goal activities?

A

Children work for praise/trophies

72
Q

What kind of goal is free play?

A

Intrinsic

73
Q

Why is free-play an intrinsic-goal activity?

A

Children do what they want

Learning/psychological growth are just byproducts

74
Q

Vygotsky believed that children’s play improves

A

Self-control

75
Q

Rough and tumble play

How does this improve self-control?

A

Its PLAY, so prohibits you from hurting others

76
Q

Sociodramatic play

How does this improve self-control?

A

Stay in character

77
Q

Aside from self-control, in play children learn to

A

Regulate their emotions

78
Q

How does rough-and-tumble play lead to emotional regulation?

A

Moderately frightening situation that needs to be controlled/regulated

79
Q

Children do not tolerate airs of superiority/depends for special treatment, i.e. play is

A

Egalitarian

80
Q

Play is egalitarian because children to not tolerate (2)

A
  1. Airs of superiority

2. Demand for special treatment

81
Q

Anyone that becomes too upset will leave the play. Therefore, players must be

A

Attuned to emotional reactions/needs of others

82
Q

Social play makes children _____, and it’s absence makes them ______

A

Happy

Unhappy

83
Q

Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)

830 children wore special

A

Wristwatches

84
Q

Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)

What were the wristwatches programmed to do?

A

Provide signals at random times

85
Q

Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)

When the wristwatches signalled, what were the children required to do?

A

Fill out a questionnaire indicating happiness levels + what they were doing

86
Q

Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)

When were the children unhappiest?

A

School or doing homework

87
Q

Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)

When did the children have neutral emotions?

A

Time with parents/solo leisure activities

269 (18 decks)

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