Play 2 Flashcards
How is free play different from adult play? (2)
- Freely chosen activity directed by participants
2. Undertaken for its own sake
Children are designed, by natural selection to play. This propensity
Manifests itself in hunter-gatherer cultures
Play has diminished with the rise of ______ and ________
Agriculture
Industrial revolution
When was the golden age of unstructured (free) play?
1900-1950
Since the ____, free play has declined
1950
Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001
Between 1981 and ____
1997
Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)
25% less time spent
In play (indoor + outdoor)
Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)
55% less time spent
Conversing with others at home
Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)
145% more time spent
Doing school homework
Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)
In 1997 the average child spent….therefore….
11 hours a week playing
Free play must have decreased more than 25%
Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)
19% LESS time spent…… and 18% MORE time spent….
Watching TV
In school
Clements 2004
Asked 830 mothers to
Compare their children’s (3-12) play to their own play as children
Clements 2004
85% of the mothers agreed
Their own children played outdoors less
Clements 2004
Mothers (70%) –> Children (31%)
“Playing outside daily”
Clements 2004
What two things decreased between the mothers childhood and their child’s?
1 . Playing outside daily
2. Playing outside for >3hrs
Clements 2004
3 reasons cited for reduction in play from mother-child?
TV - 85%
Computer - 81%
Safety concerns - 82%
Singer et al., 2009
Mothers reported that …. ranked among activities that make children happiest
Playing outside
Singer et al., 2009
Mothers reported …. made children happier than….
Playing outside
Watching TV/Playing games
Playreport 2010
What was the assessment technique?
Survey
Playreport 2010
89% of children preferred… to
Outdoor play (friends)
Watching TV
Playreport 2010
Children preferred place to play is
Outdoors
Playreport 2010
Generally, children’s preferred place to play is outdoors in both… samples
US (69%)
International (58%)
Playreport 2010
Parent’s reasons to restrict outdoor play
Child predators (49%) Child molesters (78%) Traffic accidents (52%)
Mental health in children and adolescents has
Declined
Evidence for the mental health decline in adolescents comes from
Standardised assessment questionnaires
There has been a ______ in anxiety and depression
Increase
3 questionnaires used to assess anxiety and depression?
Taylor’s Manifest Anxiety Scale
Children’s MA Scale
MMPI/MMPI-A
Taylor’s Manifest Anxiety Scale
Children’s MA Scale
MMPI/MMPI-A
These scales have all been used since
The 1950s
___% of young people in the most recent samples have anxiety and depression scores greater for same age group in 1950s
85%
85% of young people in the most recent samples have A + D greater than
Same age group in 1950s
Suicide rate between 1950 and 2005
Children below 15
4x
Suicide rate between 1950 and 2005
Adolescents between 15-24
2x
Rates of anxiety/depression were lower during: (3)
Great Depression
World War 2
Cold War
Rates of anxiety/depression were lower in Wars/Great Depression. This indicates
Changes in MH seems to be related to the way young people VIEW the world rather than how it actually is
What suggests that MH may be related to world-perceptions rather than world-reality?
Lower anxiety/depression rates in wars etc
Individuals anxiety and depression correlates with
Locus of control
Locus of control can be subdivided into
Internal
External
Internal locus of control
I can control my own fate
External locus of control
I can’t control my own fate
“What’s going to happen to me will happen”
What is this an example of?
External locus of control
“Trusting fate has never turned out as well as making a decision”
What is this an example of?
Internal locus of control
How has LOC changed in college students (1960-2002)?
Shift from INTERNAL to EXTERNAL
The shift from internal to external LOC (1960-2002) was so great that
2002: Avg young person was more external than 80% of people in the 60s
Aside from A/D and LOC, what else has changed changed in the last 50 years?
Narcissism
Materialism
Who identified the locus of control?
Rotter, 1954
How can the locus of control be measured?
Internal-external locus of control scale
Narcissism
Inflated view of self
How can narcissism be measured?
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)
- Exploit others for personal gain
- Value self-aggrandisement over cooperation
- Rank themselves unduly high in leadership abilities
These are all characteristic of…
Narcissism
Narcissists rank themselves unduly high in….
Leadership abilities
Narcississts value _____ over cooperation
Self-aggrandisement
High self-esteem in narcissism masks…
Fragile/defensive variety of self-esteem
What locus of control do Narcissists tend to have?
External locus of control
Narcissists attribute the lack of congruity between perceived qualities and lack of status/achievement to….
Factors beyond their control (External LOC)
Narcissists commonly experience ______ when their experiences with reality counter their high self-views
Anxiety/depression
Narcissists commonly experience anxiety/depression when
Experiences with reality counter high-self views
Desires to develop a meaningful philosophy of life has ______ from 1967-2006
Decreased (86-42%)
High school students have more unrealistic (______) expectations about future careers
Narcissistic
Materialism
1967-2006
What INCREASED from 46-73%?
Desires to be well off financially
Intrinsic goals
Actions/goals are generally same
Extrinsic goals
Actions are unpleasant chores
Action –> end connections are not always certain
Making money/achieving high status is an example of
An extrinsic goal
Twenge believes we shift from _____ to _______
Intrinsic to extrinsic goals
Increased anxiety may have resulted from (2)
Increased anxiety
Reduced sense of community
Families in general have become more _____ socially
Isolated
How might narcissism result in increased anxiety?
Excessive focus on self
Reduced focus on others
Play means children develop _____ and competencies
Intrinsic interests
In school, children work for grades and praise (________)
Extrinsic goals
Adult-directed sports
Extrinsic or intrinsic goals?
Extrinsic goals
In adult-directed sports, children work for praise/trophies (_______)
Extrinsic goals
Why are adult-directed sports extrinsic goal activities?
Children work for praise/trophies
What kind of goal is free play?
Intrinsic
Why is free-play an intrinsic-goal activity?
Children do what they want
Learning/psychological growth are just byproducts
Vygotsky believed that children’s play improves
Self-control
Rough and tumble play
How does this improve self-control?
Its PLAY, so prohibits you from hurting others
Sociodramatic play
How does this improve self-control?
Stay in character
Aside from self-control, in play children learn to
Regulate their emotions
How does rough-and-tumble play lead to emotional regulation?
Moderately frightening situation that needs to be controlled/regulated
Children do not tolerate airs of superiority/depends for special treatment, i.e. play is
Egalitarian
Play is egalitarian because children to not tolerate (2)
- Airs of superiority
2. Demand for special treatment
Anyone that becomes too upset will leave the play. Therefore, players must be
Attuned to emotional reactions/needs of others
Social play makes children _____, and it’s absence makes them ______
Happy
Unhappy
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)
830 children wore special
Wristwatches
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)
What were the wristwatches programmed to do?
Provide signals at random times
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)
When the wristwatches signalled, what were the children required to do?
Fill out a questionnaire indicating happiness levels + what they were doing
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)
When were the children unhappiest?
School or doing homework
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003)
When did the children have neutral emotions?
Time with parents/solo leisure activities
