Sensory/Motor D 1 Flashcards
A foetus means
Prior to birth
Neonate means
First few days post-birth
Infant means
Up to around 2
Preschooler
2-4
First few days post birth
Neonate
Childhood
5 to adolescence
Adolescent
12-18
Baby Dummy studies
Babies are given a dummy, and a _______ is established
Baseline sucking rate
Baby Dummy studies
Sucking more =
Excited
Baby Dummy studies
No sucking change =
Not noticed anything
Baby Looking studies
Babies are shown a picture until they
Habituate (get bored)
Baby Looking studies
Shown two pictures at once (old and new)
Measure:
How much they look at new picture
Baby Looking Studies
Also known as
Visual Paired Comparison Task
Visual Paired Comparison Task
The proportion of time spent looking at new picture can tell us (3)
- Can they tell difference?
- Can they remember first pic?
- What info. have they encoded from first pic?
To check newborns are in a fit state to take part in studies, which scale is used?
APGAR scale
The APGAR scale is used to check
Newborns are OK to take part in studies
5 Indeces of the APGAR scale
Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration
APGAR scale
> 8 indicates
OK
Newborn range of vision
.30cm
Vision
Newborns are not yet capable of
Fixation
Vision
At 1 to 2 months, infants can (2)
- Fixate
2. Distinguish high-contrast colours
Vision
Infants can fixate/distinguish high-contrast colours at
1-2 months
Vision
4 months (3)
Depth perception
Improved colour vision
Can follow objects with eyes
Vision
8 months (1)
Visual range increases; can recognise people across a room
Vision
1 year (1)
Similar to adult levels
From birth, infants show a preferential interest in
Face-like stimuli
Infants show a preferential interest in face-like stimuli from
Birth
Fantz (1961) showed infants 1/3 images of distorted/normal/non-face pictures and measured their
Looking time
Fantz (1961)
For the first month, infants showed a preference for
The face-like configuration
Goren et al., (1975)
When presenting moving imagines to newborns, they follow _________ for longer
Face-like stimuli
From when can newborns recognise individual faces?
Within a day of birth
Bushnell et al., (1989)
Newborns can recognise their mothers face even when ________ are removed
Olfactory
Walton et al., (1992)
Newborns can recognise their mothers faces when _________ are CONTROLLED FOR
Inadvertent visual cues
Newborns can recognise specific faces within a day of birth. Why is this noteworthy?
Visual acuity is relatively poor
Visual recognition in newborns is ________ accompanied by any explicit _________
Unlikely to be
Cognitive insight
Newborn visual recognition is unlikely to be accompanied by explicit cog insight. HOWEVER, early perception will form
The basis for later mental representations
Perceptual narrowing
Visual perception becomes tailored to regular features of the child’s environment
Perceptual narrowing
V. general abilities are more finely tuned (particularly in?)
Following experience
Particularly with facial recognition
The “Other Race” Effect
Infants become
EXTREMELY good at distinguishing between faces they see often
Lose ability to discriminate between faces they don’t see often
Infants become extremely good at distinguishing between the kinds of faces they see regularly, while gradually losing the ability to discriminate between faces they don’t see often.
What is this?
The “Other Race” Effect
Kelly et al., (2007) coined the …… effect
Other race
How can perceptual narrowing be avoided? (+ specific example)
Shaping infants experience e.g. picture books
(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)
Reading infants picture books has been show to help retain
Ability to discriminate between unfamiliar faces
(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)
Method: Children given picture book exposure either involving (2)
Chinese faces
Caucasian faces
(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)
Findings:
9 months shown Chinese faces…
Retained ability to recognise Chinese faces
(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)
Findings:
9 months shown Caucasian faces
Lost ability to recognise Chinese faces
(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)
9 months shown Caucasian faces lost ability to recognise Chinese faces.
This is an example of how
Experience can lead to either perceptual narrowing OR broadening
(Pascalis et al., 2005)
Book-training studies show infants can retain the ability to
Recognise animals from OTHER SPECIES
Hearing
Unlike vision,
Sound can be perceived in womb prior to birth
Kisilevsky et al., 1992 (Hearing)
From 26 weeks, foetuses show
Change in heart rate
As response to auditory stimuli
Kisilevsky et al., 1992
Foetuses show changes in heart rate as a direct response to auditory stimuli from
26 weeks
Kisilevsky et al., 1992
From 26 weeks, foetuses show _________ as a direct response to auditory stimuli
Changes in heart rate
Kisilevsky et al., (2003)
In the womb, newborns may be able to r….
Recognise sound of mothers voice
DeCasper + Spence (1986)
Asked pregnant women to read a 3-minute story
Everyday for final 6 weeks of pregnancy
(___________) asked pregnant women to read a 3-min story everyday for final 6 months of pregnancy
DeCasper + Spence (1986)
DeCasper + Spence (1986)
Method:
- Pregnant woman read story every day in final 6 weeks of pregnancy
- Just after birth…
Played newborn the familiar story and an unfamiliar story
DeCasper + Spence (1986)
Newborns preferred…
Hearing the story read to them while in the womb
DeCasper + Spence (1986)
Newborns preferred the story read to them while they were in the womb. This was true even
When a stranger read the story
DeCasper + Spence (1986)
Newborns preferred the story read to them while in the womb. What about babies not exposed to a story?
No preference
Hearing, particularly ________ becomes more specialised with age
Speech perception
Hearing, particularly speech perception becomes
More specialised with age
Trehub (1976)
Infants INITIALLY are able to distinguish between phonemes that
Don’t occur in their native language
Infants initially possess the ability to distinguish between phonemes that don’t occur in their native language. This ability then….
Narrows
To sounds contained in own language (Eimas et al., 1971)
Perceptual Narrowing
Why do infants exchange their limitless potential for processing ALL TYPES of information?
For swifter, greater expertise in processing the information they COMMONLY SEE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Cooper + Aslin (1990)
Infants show a preference for M…
Motherese
Cooper + Aslin (1990)
Infants prefer Motherese, i.e.
Higher/wider pitch range
“The common way of adapting speech to have an exaggerate pitch range”
Motherese
Motherese is exaggeration of
EXISTING patterns of speech in the language
Motherese is thought to help infants
Extract smaller chunks of language
