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269 > Sensory/Motor D 1 > Flashcards

Sensory/Motor D 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A foetus means

A

Prior to birth

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2
Q

Neonate means

A

First few days post-birth

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3
Q

Infant means

A

Up to around 2

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4
Q

Preschooler

A

2-4

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5
Q

First few days post birth

A

Neonate

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6
Q

Childhood

A

5 to adolescence

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7
Q

Adolescent

A

12-18

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8
Q

Baby Dummy studies

Babies are given a dummy, and a _______ is established

A

Baseline sucking rate

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9
Q

Baby Dummy studies

Sucking more =

A

Excited

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10
Q

Baby Dummy studies

No sucking change =

A

Not noticed anything

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11
Q

Baby Looking studies

Babies are shown a picture until they

A

Habituate (get bored)

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12
Q

Baby Looking studies

Shown two pictures at once (old and new)

Measure:

A

How much they look at new picture

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13
Q

Baby Looking Studies

Also known as

A

Visual Paired Comparison Task

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14
Q

Visual Paired Comparison Task

The proportion of time spent looking at new picture can tell us (3)

A
  1. Can they tell difference?
  2. Can they remember first pic?
  3. What info. have they encoded from first pic?
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15
Q

To check newborns are in a fit state to take part in studies, which scale is used?

A

APGAR scale

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16
Q

The APGAR scale is used to check

A

Newborns are OK to take part in studies

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17
Q

5 Indeces of the APGAR scale

A 
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity 
Respiration
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18
Q

APGAR scale

> 8 indicates

A

OK

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19
Q

Newborn range of vision

A

.30cm

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20
Q

Vision

Newborns are not yet capable of

A

Fixation

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21
Q

Vision

At 1 to 2 months, infants can (2)

A
  1. Fixate

2. Distinguish high-contrast colours

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22
Q

Vision

Infants can fixate/distinguish high-contrast colours at

A

1-2 months

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23
Q

Vision

4 months (3)

A

Depth perception
Improved colour vision
Can follow objects with eyes

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24
Q

Vision

8 months (1)

A

Visual range increases; can recognise people across a room

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25
Q

Vision

1 year (1)

A

Similar to adult levels

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26
Q

From birth, infants show a preferential interest in

A

Face-like stimuli

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27
Q

Infants show a preferential interest in face-like stimuli from

A

Birth

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28
Q

Fantz (1961) showed infants 1/3 images of distorted/normal/non-face pictures and measured their

A

Looking time

29
Q

Fantz (1961)

For the first month, infants showed a preference for

A

The face-like configuration

30
Q

Goren et al., (1975)

When presenting moving imagines to newborns, they follow _________ for longer

A

Face-like stimuli

31
Q

From when can newborns recognise individual faces?

A

Within a day of birth

32
Q

Bushnell et al., (1989)

Newborns can recognise their mothers face even when ________ are removed

A

Olfactory

33
Q

Walton et al., (1992)

Newborns can recognise their mothers faces when _________ are CONTROLLED FOR

A

Inadvertent visual cues

34
Q

Newborns can recognise specific faces within a day of birth. Why is this noteworthy?

A

Visual acuity is relatively poor

35
Q

Visual recognition in newborns is ________ accompanied by any explicit _________

A

Unlikely to be

Cognitive insight

36
Q

Newborn visual recognition is unlikely to be accompanied by explicit cog insight. HOWEVER, early perception will form

A

The basis for later mental representations

37
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

Visual perception becomes tailored to regular features of the child’s environment

38
Q

Perceptual narrowing

V. general abilities are more finely tuned (particularly in?)

A

Following experience

Particularly with facial recognition

39
Q

The “Other Race” Effect

Infants become

A

EXTREMELY good at distinguishing between faces they see often

Lose ability to discriminate between faces they don’t see often

40
Q

Infants become extremely good at distinguishing between the kinds of faces they see regularly, while gradually losing the ability to discriminate between faces they don’t see often.

What is this?

A

The “Other Race” Effect

41
Q

Kelly et al., (2007) coined the …… effect

A

Other race

42
Q

How can perceptual narrowing be avoided? (+ specific example)

A

Shaping infants experience e.g. picture books

43
Q

(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)

Reading infants picture books has been show to help retain

A

Ability to discriminate between unfamiliar faces

44
Q

(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)

Method: Children given picture book exposure either involving (2)

A

Chinese faces

Caucasian faces

45
Q

(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)

Findings:

9 months shown Chinese faces…

A

Retained ability to recognise Chinese faces

46
Q

(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)

Findings:

9 months shown Caucasian faces

A

Lost ability to recognise Chinese faces

47
Q

(Heron-Delaney et al., 2011)

9 months shown Caucasian faces lost ability to recognise Chinese faces.

This is an example of how

A

Experience can lead to either perceptual narrowing OR broadening

48
Q

(Pascalis et al., 2005)

Book-training studies show infants can retain the ability to

A

Recognise animals from OTHER SPECIES

49
Q

Hearing

Unlike vision,

A

Sound can be perceived in womb prior to birth

50
Q

Kisilevsky et al., 1992 (Hearing)

From 26 weeks, foetuses show

A

Change in heart rate

As response to auditory stimuli

51
Q

Kisilevsky et al., 1992

Foetuses show changes in heart rate as a direct response to auditory stimuli from

A

26 weeks

52
Q

Kisilevsky et al., 1992

From 26 weeks, foetuses show _________ as a direct response to auditory stimuli

A

Changes in heart rate

53
Q

Kisilevsky et al., (2003)

In the womb, newborns may be able to r….

A

Recognise sound of mothers voice

54
Q

DeCasper + Spence (1986)

Asked pregnant women to read a 3-minute story

A

Everyday for final 6 weeks of pregnancy

55
Q

(___________) asked pregnant women to read a 3-min story everyday for final 6 months of pregnancy

A

DeCasper + Spence (1986)

56
Q

DeCasper + Spence (1986)

Method:

  1. Pregnant woman read story every day in final 6 weeks of pregnancy
  2. Just after birth…
A

Played newborn the familiar story and an unfamiliar story

57
Q

DeCasper + Spence (1986)

Newborns preferred…

A

Hearing the story read to them while in the womb

58
Q

DeCasper + Spence (1986)

Newborns preferred the story read to them while they were in the womb. This was true even

A

When a stranger read the story

59
Q

DeCasper + Spence (1986)

Newborns preferred the story read to them while in the womb. What about babies not exposed to a story?

A

No preference

60
Q

Hearing, particularly ________ becomes more specialised with age

A

Speech perception

61
Q

Hearing, particularly speech perception becomes

A

More specialised with age

62
Q

Trehub (1976)

Infants INITIALLY are able to distinguish between phonemes that

A

Don’t occur in their native language

63
Q

Infants initially possess the ability to distinguish between phonemes that don’t occur in their native language. This ability then….

A

Narrows

To sounds contained in own language (Eimas et al., 1971)

64
Q

Perceptual Narrowing

Why do infants exchange their limitless potential for processing ALL TYPES of information?

A

For swifter, greater expertise in processing the information they COMMONLY SEE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

65
Q

Cooper + Aslin (1990)

Infants show a preference for M…

A

Motherese

66
Q

Cooper + Aslin (1990)

Infants prefer Motherese, i.e.

A

Higher/wider pitch range

67
Q

“The common way of adapting speech to have an exaggerate pitch range”

A

Motherese

68
Q

Motherese is exaggeration of

A

EXISTING patterns of speech in the language

69
Q

Motherese is thought to help infants

A

Extract smaller chunks of language

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