S/M2 Flashcards
First sense to develop
Touch
Touch development milestones
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Touch
For the first 6 months
Infants show automatic grasp reflex
Touch
10 weeks
Reflexive grasp response to palm touch
Touch is an essential
Part of attachment boding
Sann + Streri (2007)
Research question
Can young infants cross-modal match?
Sann + Streri (2007)
2 experiments
- Matching touch to vision
2. Matching vision to touch
Sann + Streri (2007)
Method
Infants either shown/given to hold item until habituation
Sann + Streri (2007)
Findings (2)
- Infants look longer at novel object when shown
2. Infants don’t hold novel object for any longer when given
Sann + Streri (2007)
Conclusion
Cross-modal matching is not bi-directional at birth
Sann + Streri (2007)
Infants can identify an object
They’ve previously held
Motor development has major consequences
For cognition
Crawling occurs between
5 and 11 months
Herbert et al., 2007
Acquiring the ability to
Move unaided brings concurrent memory improvements
Herbert et al., 2007
9 month olds were split into two groups:
- Crawling
2. Non-crawling
Herbert et al., 2007
Method: Infants were shown…
How to play with a novel toy
Had specific action associated with it
Herbert et al., 2007
Results (2)
- Both groups could remember target action
2. Only crawling could retrieve memory in new context
Study
9 month old crawling vs non-crawling memory task study
Conducted by
Herbert et al., 2007
Herbert et al., 2007
The results give evidence for
Crawling = new experiences = greater memory flexibility
Adolph, Tamis-LeMonda, 2014
Going from crawling to walking requires…(3)
Muscle development
New patterns of limb coordination
Balance control
Kretch, Franchak + Adolph (2014)
Attached an eye camera to infants, finding…
Walking allowed:
- Better visual input
- Better social interaction
Perception
How we see/hear/experience the world
Cognition
How we form/use/act upon mental representations
Mental representations
Internal thoughts/states/pictures
Much of what we know about infant cognition has been learned using
Violation of expectation task
Violation of expectation
Step 1
Infants shown event repeatedly until they habituate
Violation of expectation
How do we know if something has surprised an infant?
They look at the event for longer
(Wynn, 1992)
4 and 5 month old infants look longer at…
The impossible event
(Wynn, 1992)
Method
Violation of expectation task using objects behind a screen
(Wynn, 1992)
Infants were more likely to look at a _____ structure than a _____ structure
1+1 = 1 1+1 = 2
(Wynn, 1992)
Infants also looked longer at 1+1 = 3. This suggests
More precise sense of number than “there should be more than 1”
Object permanence
Understanding that even if an object can no longer be seen, it still exists
Object permanence
Piaget observed that before 9 months
No reaction to object once it was hidden
Object permanence
Piaget observed that AROUND 9 months
Search for objects out of view
Object permanence
Piaget observed that at around 9 months infants can search for objects out of view. This suggests
They are acting on basis of thought
Common test of Object Permanence
A not B Task
A not B task is a test of
Object permanence
A not B task
Infants at around 9 months
Persist in reaching for old location
A not B task
At what age do they reach correctly to new location?
12 months
A not B task
By 12 months, infants reach correctly to new location. This suggests that they
Can flexibly update their memory
Which study challenges Piaget’s OP views?
Baillargeon (1986)
Baillargeon (1986)
Used which paradigm to test object permanence?
Violation of expectation
Baillargeon (1986)
Used VOE to test
Object permanence
Baillargeon (1986)
How old were the participants
6 and 8 months
Baillargeon (1986)
Findings
6 and 8 month olds looked longer at impossible event
Baillargeon (1986)
Findings suggests that…
Infants have object permanence before 9 months
Baillargeon + DeVos (1991)
The finding that 6-8 month old infants have OP was replicated
With 4 month olds
Baillargeon (1986)
To be surprised by the event…
You have to know the block still exists
What is the youngest observed age of Object Permanence?
4 month olds
How can the discrepancy between Piaget’s and Baillargeon’s findings be explained?
Piaget’s studied ACTIONS
Baillargeon’s studied LOOKING PATTERNS
Object permanence discrepancy
Children have KNOWLEDGE of the world from early infancy, but…
They only gradually become able to ACT on it
