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269 > Intro to prenatal > Flashcards

Intro to prenatal Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Study of change and stability over time

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2
Q

What is ontogenetic development?

A

Development over lifetime

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3
Q

What is micro genetic development?

A

Changes over brief time periods

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4
Q

What is phylogenetic development?

A

Changes over evolutionary time

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5
Q

Example of a quantitative developmental change?

A

Height/weight

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6
Q

Example of a qualitative developmental change?

A

Memory/reasoning

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7
Q

Fundamental issues in developmental psychology

Continuity vs

A

Discontinuity

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8
Q

4 fundamental issues in developmental psych

A
  1. ID’s
  2. Nature vs nurture
  3. Continuity vs discontinuity
  4. Plasticity
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9
Q

Is development continuous or discontinuous?

A

Both

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10
Q

Three study designs that allow us to observe change?

A

Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Micro-genetic

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11
Q

Which study design involves children being repeatedly tested over ST time period?

A

Microgenetic

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12
Q

Continuous growth is seen from which data

A

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal

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13
Q

Discontinuous/step-like growth is seen from which data

A

Microgenetic

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14
Q

Which study design is the least time consuming?

A

Cross-sectional

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15
Q

Which study design is the most time consuming?

A

Longitudinal

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16
Q

Which two study designs might be affected by practice effects?

A

Longitudinal

Micro-genetic

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17
Q

Which study design is best for establishing cause and effect?

A

Experimental

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18
Q

What was the prevailing 17th century view of the prenatal period?

A

Preformationsism

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19
Q

Epigenesis

A

(What we now know)

Organs/structures develop through a series of stages

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20
Q

Germinal stage lasts from

A

Conception- 2 weeks

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21
Q

The fertilised egg (zygote) doubles its cells…

A

Twice a day

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22
Q

Around 2 weeks after fertilisation, the zygote

A

Attaches to uterus wall and becomes an embryo

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23
Q

Embryonic period lasts

A

From 2-8 weeks

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24
Q

Embryonic period is a period of _______

A

Rapid growth (key organs + structures)

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25
Q

Foetal period lasts

A

9 weeks - birth

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26
Q

Human conception begins when a sperm

A

Penetrates an ovum

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27
Q

Fertilised egg formed from union of sperm/egg is called

A

A zygote

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28
Q

How many zygotes survive?

A

Fewer than half

29
Q

It is the ___ pair of chromosomes that determines the sex

A

23rd

30
Q

Females have two ____ shaped chromosomes

A

X

31
Q

Males have ___ shaped chromosome

A

XY

32
Q

It is the Y chromosome that leads to

A

Development of a male

33
Q

120-150 males are conceived to every 100 females. Why is this?

A

Y sperm are lighter/swim faster than X

34
Q

____ are more vulnerable in the womb

A

Boys

35
Q

Which gender is more likely to be miscarried/more susceptible to stress?

A

Boys

36
Q

Boys are more likely to be miscarried because they….

A

Only have 1 X chromosome

37
Q

If the growing cluster of cells breaks apart EARLY in development, this will result in

A

Clusters with identical genes i.e. MZ twins

38
Q

Why do monozygotic twins occur?

A

Identical cell clusters from the same zygote

39
Q

If two eggs are fertilised at the same time, this will result in

A

DZ twins

40
Q

Which prenatal period is 2-8 weeks?

A

Embryonic

41
Q

Embryonic Period

Inner cell mass becomes the embryo, and the rest becomes

A

Amniotic sac

Placenta

42
Q

Amniotic sac provides…. and….

A

Even temperature

Cushioning

43
Q

Placenta permits the..

A

Exchange of materials from mother to baby

44
Q

Embryonic Period

The inner cell mass divides into 3 layers:

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

45
Q

Ectoderm is the ___ layer

A

Top

46
Q

Ectoderm is the top layer, and becomes the

A

Nervous system/skin/eyes etc

47
Q

Mesoderm is the ____ layer

A

Middle

48
Q

Endoderm is the ____ layer

A

Bottom

49
Q

Mesoderm becomes the

A

Muscles/circulatory system

50
Q

Endoderm becomes the

A

Digestive systen

51
Q

Embryonic Period

After the layers differentiate, the U shaped groove forms down the centre and forms the

A

Neural tube

52
Q

Embryonic Period

The neural tube becomes the

A

Brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Embryonic Period

Which part becomes the brain and spinal cord

A

Neural tube

54
Q

Foetal period

Which areas develop first

A

Areas near the head

55
Q

Foetal period

During the last 5 months

A

Lower parts develop more rapidly

56
Q

The development of sexual organs takes place in

A

The foetal period

57
Q

It is the presence of ______ that cause male genitalia to develop

A

Androgens

58
Q

All human foetuses, regardless of XX or XY can develop male or female genitalia.

True or false

A

True

59
Q

Prenatal development is mainly a function of nature. How might nurture play a role?

A

Teratogens

60
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that can impair prenatal development

61
Q

Drugs/alcohol is an example of a

A

Teratogen

62
Q

The effect of teratogens depends on two things:

A

Timing

Dose-response relationship

63
Q

How does the effect of teratogens depend on timing?

A

Must be during a certain developmental period

64
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

Greater the exposure the greater the damage

65
Q

The most common teratogen is

A

Alcohol

66
Q

How does alcohol access a foetus?

A

Crosses placenta into bloodstream/amniotic sac

67
Q

______ can lead to heightened activity reflexes/abnormal startle reflexes

A

Alcohol

68
Q

Consuming a lot of alcohol while pregnant can lead to

A

Foetal alcohol syndrome

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