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Intro to prenatal Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Study of change and stability over time

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2
Q

What is ontogenetic development?

A

Development over lifetime

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3
Q

What is micro genetic development?

A

Changes over brief time periods

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4
Q

What is phylogenetic development?

A

Changes over evolutionary time

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5
Q

Example of a quantitative developmental change?

A

Height/weight

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6
Q

Example of a qualitative developmental change?

A

Memory/reasoning

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7
Q

Fundamental issues in developmental psychology

Continuity vs

A

Discontinuity

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8
Q

4 fundamental issues in developmental psych

A
  1. ID’s
  2. Nature vs nurture
  3. Continuity vs discontinuity
  4. Plasticity
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9
Q

Is development continuous or discontinuous?

A

Both

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10
Q

Three study designs that allow us to observe change?

A

Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Micro-genetic

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11
Q

Which study design involves children being repeatedly tested over ST time period?

A

Microgenetic

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12
Q

Continuous growth is seen from which data

A

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal

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13
Q

Discontinuous/step-like growth is seen from which data

A

Microgenetic

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14
Q

Which study design is the least time consuming?

A

Cross-sectional

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15
Q

Which study design is the most time consuming?

A

Longitudinal

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16
Q

Which two study designs might be affected by practice effects?

A

Longitudinal

Micro-genetic

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17
Q

Which study design is best for establishing cause and effect?

A

Experimental

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18
Q

What was the prevailing 17th century view of the prenatal period?

A

Preformationsism

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19
Q

Epigenesis

A

(What we now know)

Organs/structures develop through a series of stages

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20
Q

Germinal stage lasts from

A

Conception- 2 weeks

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21
Q

The fertilised egg (zygote) doubles its cells…

A

Twice a day

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22
Q

Around 2 weeks after fertilisation, the zygote

A

Attaches to uterus wall and becomes an embryo

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23
Q

Embryonic period lasts

A

From 2-8 weeks

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24
Q

Embryonic period is a period of _______

A

Rapid growth (key organs + structures)

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25
Foetal period lasts
9 weeks - birth
26
Human conception begins when a sperm
Penetrates an ovum
27
Fertilised egg formed from union of sperm/egg is called
A zygote
28
How many zygotes survive?
Fewer than half
29
It is the ___ pair of chromosomes that determines the sex
23rd
30
Females have two ____ shaped chromosomes
X
31
Males have ___ shaped chromosome
XY
32
It is the Y chromosome that leads to
Development of a male
33
120-150 males are conceived to every 100 females. Why is this?
Y sperm are lighter/swim faster than X
34
____ are more vulnerable in the womb
Boys
35
Which gender is more likely to be miscarried/more susceptible to stress?
Boys
36
Boys are more likely to be miscarried because they....
Only have 1 X chromosome
37
If the growing cluster of cells breaks apart EARLY in development, this will result in
Clusters with identical genes i.e. MZ twins
38
Why do monozygotic twins occur?
Identical cell clusters from the same zygote
39
If two eggs are fertilised at the same time, this will result in
DZ twins
40
Which prenatal period is 2-8 weeks?
Embryonic
41
Embryonic Period Inner cell mass becomes the embryo, and the rest becomes
Amniotic sac | Placenta
42
Amniotic sac provides.... and....
Even temperature | Cushioning
43
Placenta permits the..
Exchange of materials from mother to baby
44
Embryonic Period The inner cell mass divides into 3 layers:
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
45
Ectoderm is the ___ layer
Top
46
Ectoderm is the top layer, and becomes the
Nervous system/skin/eyes etc
47
Mesoderm is the ____ layer
Middle
48
Endoderm is the ____ layer
Bottom
49
Mesoderm becomes the
Muscles/circulatory system
50
Endoderm becomes the
Digestive systen
51
Embryonic Period After the layers differentiate, the U shaped groove forms down the centre and forms the
Neural tube
52
Embryonic Period The neural tube becomes the
Brain and spinal cord
53
Embryonic Period Which part becomes the brain and spinal cord
Neural tube
54
Foetal period Which areas develop first
Areas near the head
55
Foetal period During the last 5 months
Lower parts develop more rapidly
56
The development of sexual organs takes place in
The foetal period
57
It is the presence of ______ that cause male genitalia to develop
Androgens
58
All human foetuses, regardless of XX or XY can develop male or female genitalia. True or false
True
59
Prenatal development is mainly a function of nature. How might nurture play a role?
Teratogens
60
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can impair prenatal development
61
Drugs/alcohol is an example of a
Teratogen
62
The effect of teratogens depends on two things:
Timing | Dose-response relationship
63
How does the effect of teratogens depend on timing?
Must be during a certain developmental period
64
Dose-response relationship
Greater the exposure the greater the damage
65
The most common teratogen is
Alcohol
66
How does alcohol access a foetus?
Crosses placenta into bloodstream/amniotic sac
67
______ can lead to heightened activity reflexes/abnormal startle reflexes
Alcohol
68
Consuming a lot of alcohol while pregnant can lead to
Foetal alcohol syndrome

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