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SC.SM-- AP & MT > wk 5: endocrine system > Flashcards

wk 5: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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3
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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4
Q

andr/o

A

male

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5
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex

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6
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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7
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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8
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

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9
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

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10
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands

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11
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

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12
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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13
Q

ster/o

A

steroid

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14
Q

thyr/o

A

thyroid gland

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15
Q

the endocrine system uses…

A

communication to maintain homeostasis

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16
Q

main differences between nervous system and endocrine system

A
  • nervous: neurotransmitters & endocrine: hormones
  • nervous: faster but lasts shorter
  • endocrine: slower but lasts longer
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17
Q

define: gland

A

one or more group of cells within an organ that function to produce hormones

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18
Q

define: hormone

A

chemicals that travel to the target tissue with instructions

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19
Q

define: target tissue

A

cells of a tissue that have receptors for a specific hormone

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20
Q

what are the glands of the endocrine system?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
  • pineal
  • pancreas
  • gonads
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21
Q

what are the hormones for the hypothalamus?

A
  • GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
  • CRH (coricotropin-releasing hormone)
  • TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
  • GHRH (growth hormone- releasing hormone)
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22
Q

fx: GnRH

A
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • fx: targets the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of FSH and LH
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23
Q

fx: CRH

A
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • targets the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of ACTH
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24
Q

fx: TRH

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • targets anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of TSH
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25
Q

fx: GHRH

A
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • targets anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of GH
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26
Q

what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinizing hormone)
  • GH (growth hormone)
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27
Q

fx: TSH

A
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • targets the thyroid to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of thyroid
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28
Q

fx: ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • targets adrenal cortex to stimulate secetion of glucocorticoids and growth of the adrenal cortex
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29
Q

fx: FSH

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone
  • targets ovaries to stimulate secretion of estrogen
  • targets testes to stimulate sperm production
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30
Q

fx: LH

A
  • luteinizing hormone
  • targets ovaries to stimulate ovulation
  • targets testes to stimulate secretion of testosterone
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31
Q

fx: GH

A
  • growth hormone
  • targets liver, bone, cartilage. muscle, adipose tissue to stimulae widespread tissue growth
  • secreted during childhood
  • GH levels decrease in adulthood
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32
Q

what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
  • oxytocin
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33
Q

fx: ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • targets kidneys to increase water retention
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34
Q

fx: oxytocin

A
  • targets uterus to stimulate uterine
  • targets lactating breasts to stimulate release of milk
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35
Q

what are the hormones of the thyroid?

A
  • T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone)
  • calcitonin
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36
Q

fx: T3 and T4

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • targets most tissues to elevate metabolic rate, increase heart and respiration rates; stimulates appetite
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37
Q

fx: calcitonin

A
  • targets osteoblasts to stimulate bone deposition
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38
Q

what is the hormone of the parathyroid?

A
  • PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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39
Q

fx: PTH

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • targets osteoclasts to stimulate bone reabsorption to increase blood calcium levels
  • targets kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys to maintain blood calcium levels
  • targets small intestine to stimulae calcium absorption
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40
Q

what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • androgens (dehydroepiandosterone [DHEA])
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41
Q

fx: mineralocorticoids

A
  • aldosterone
  • targets kidneys to
    - promote Na+ and water reabsorption
    - promote K+ excretion
    - maintain blood volume and pressure
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42
Q

fx: glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol
  • targets most tissues to
    - stimulate the breakdown of protein and fat to make glucose
    - suppress the immune system
    - reduce inflammation
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43
Q

fx: androgens

A
  • dehydroepiandosterone [DHEA]
  • targets most tissues
    - a precursor to testosterone, responsible for male 2ndary sex characteristics
    - & sex drive in both sexes
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44
Q

what is the hormone of the adrenal medulla?

A
  • epinephrine
45
Q

fx: epinephrine

A
  • targets most tissues to
    - raise metabolic rate
    - increases heart and respiration rates
    - increases blood glucose levels (complements ANS:SNS)
46
Q

what is the hormone of the pineal gland?

A
  • melatonin
47
Q

fx: melatonin

A
  • targets brain and hypothalamus to
    - help regulate sleep-wake cycles of daily biological rhythms
    - inhibits GnRH production
48
Q

what are the hormones of the pancreas?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
49
Q

fx: insulin

A
  • targets most tissues, liver, to
    - stimulate cells to take in glucose to lower blood glucose levels
    - tell liver to store glucose as glycogen
50
Q

fx: glucagon

A
  • targets liver to stimulate glycogen conversion to glucose and its secretion to raise blood glucose levels
51
Q

what are the glands –> hormones –> fx of the gonads?

A
  • ovaries –> estrogen
  • testes –> testosterone
52
Q

loc: pineal gland

A

beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum

53
Q

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected by a stalk called..

A

the infundibulum

54
Q

the thyroid hormone requires which mineral to maintain homeostasis?

A

iodine

55
Q

there are usually ____ PTH glands in the body.

A

four

56
Q

loc: PTH gland

A
  • embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, two on each of the trachea.
57
Q

based on chemical structure, what are the three general categories of hormones?

A
  • steroids
  • amino acid derivatives
  • proteins
58
Q

categories: steroids

A
  • derived from a cholesterol molecule
  • e.g incl. estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, mineralocirticoids, & glucorticoids
59
Q

categories: amino acid derivatives

A
60
Q

categories: proteins

A
61
Q

a target tissue has receptors for a hormone based on _____.

A

shape

62
Q

most hormones are secreted when…

A

there is a need; regulated by negative feedback mechanisms

63
Q

what are three ways to initiatie the secretion of a hormone?

A
  • a neuron stimulating a gland (e.g. sympathetic neurons stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine).
  • another hormone stimulating a gland (e.g. hypothalamus hormones stimulate secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary).
  • a substance stimulating a gland (e.g. pancreas monitors blood glucose levels).`
64
Q

up-regulation

A

an increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone

65
Q

down-regulation

A

when a cell decreases the number of receptors for a hormone

66
Q

down-regulation is a response for to…

A

chronically high levels of a hormone.

67
Q

what are the four ways a hormone may be eliminated?

A
  1. excretion (e.g. urine, bile)
  2. metabolism (e.g.
  3. active transport- recycle and release at another time (e.g. epinephrine)
  4. conjugation- bind water-soluble molecules to excrete faster (e.g. liver)
68
Q

half-life

A

the length of time it takes for one-half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system.

69
Q

when melatonin is reduced, so is the ______ effect on the ______.

A

inhibitory; hypothalamus

70
Q

type i diabetes mellitus

A
  • insulin-dependent
  • diagnosed before age 30
  • antibodies attack cells of pancreatic islets (that prod. insulin)
  • body isn’t able to produce insulin
71
Q

type ii diabetes mellitus

A
  • inability to respond to pancreas
  • blood glucose levels are chronically high
  • can be treated with medications (to increase cells’ sensitivity to insulin), lifestyle changes
72
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • problem with the posterior pituitary
  • does not release sufficient ADH
  • water goes to urine instead of the blood
  • very dehydrated
73
Q

growth disorders are improper…

A

secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary

74
Q

gigantism

A
  • hypersecretion of GH during childhood before the epiphyseal plates close.
  • accelerated bone growth
  • suffer from swelling of: soft tissues, peripheral nerve damage, delayed onset of puberty.
75
Q

acromegaly

A
  • hypersecretion of GH in adulthood
  • no elongation, but bones become more massive
  • most noticeable in facial bones
  • characteristics incl: thickened skin, deeper voice, degenerative arthritis, & organ enlargement.
76
Q

goiters

A
  • enlargement of the thyroid gland
  • if there is no iodine, hyposecretion sets up a positive feedback loop of cont. stimulation of thyroid gland
  • effects: weight gain, reduced appetite, constipation, dry skin, and lethargy
77
Q

hyposecretion

A
78
Q

hypersecretion

A
  • ## enlarged thyroid gland, called a toxic goiter
79
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, enlarged thyroid gland, intolerant to cold temp, infertility, depression, slow heart rate
80
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A
  • excess production of ACTH usually caused by a pituitary tumor
  • symptoms incl: moon face, obesity in the trunk of the body, collection of fat on lower neck and shoulders, muscle weakness, thin skin, compromised immunity
81
Q

The endocrine system is composed _____ that make _____.

A

glands; hormones

82
Q

TSH: more info

A
  • a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary
  • controls thyroid gland secretions
  • regulated by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
83
Q

Which pituitary hormone controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

84
Q

The role of parathyroid hormone is to ______ while the role of calcitonin is to ______.

A

stimulate bone reabsorption; stimulate bone deposition

85
Q

PTH ______ the loss of calcium in urine.

A

prevents

86
Q

What class of hormone must bind receptors on the cell membrane because these hormones cannot enter the cell?

A

protein hormones

87
Q

When a hormone binds receptors on the cell membrane, a chemical reaction in the membrane occurs. This reaction creates a ______ ______ which carries the information to where it is needed in the cell to initiate hormone function.

A

second messenger

88
Q

In up-regulation, a cell becomes ______ sensitive to a hormone.

A

more

89
Q

Steroid hormones bind to hormone receptors _____.

A

in the nucleus

90
Q

The binding of a hormone to the receptor on the cell membrane causes a chemical reaction ______ the cell.

A

inside

91
Q

Melatonin ______ the production of GnRH.

A

inhibits

92
Q

High levels of ______ in the blood, along with low levels of ______, is a sign of Addison’s disease.

A

ACTH; cortisol

93
Q

An autoimmune disorder that results in the chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland and results in the inability of the gland to function properly, causing hyposecretion of thyroid hormone is ______ disease.

A

hashimoto’s

94
Q

The type of goiter that is an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from an iodine deficiency is a(n) ______ ______.

A

endemic goiter

95
Q

Myxedema is a serious condition that occurs in people suffering from ______.

A

hypothyroidism

96
Q

elements: anti-

A

P –> against

97
Q

elements: -di-

A

P –> complete

98
Q

elements: -uret-

A

R –> urination

99
Q

elements: -ic

A

S –> pertaining to

100
Q

antidiuretic

A

an agent that decreases urine production

101
Q

elements: endo-

A

P –> within

102
Q

elements: -crine

A

R/CF –> secrete

103
Q

The gonad is Latin for:

A

seed

104
Q

The thymus gland starts out ______ in children and over time ______ in size.

A

large; decreases

105
Q

Severe congenital hypothyroidism is known as:

A

cretin

106
Q

What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • kidney stones
  • calcium depletion in bones
  • high blood calcium levels
107
Q

emac/i-ation

A

abnormal thinness

108
Q

What is the most common cause of foot ulcers and gangrene of the lower extremities, sometimes requiring amputation?

A

hyperglycemia

109
Q
A

SC.SM-- AP & MT (11 decks)

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