wk 5: endocrine system Flashcards
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal glands
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
andr/o
male
cortic/o
cortex
crin/o
secrete
dips/o
thirst
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
gonad/o
sex glands
hormon/o
hormone
pancreat/o
pancreas
ster/o
steroid
thyr/o
thyroid gland
the endocrine system uses…
communication to maintain homeostasis
main differences between nervous system and endocrine system
- nervous: neurotransmitters & endocrine: hormones
- nervous: faster but lasts shorter
- endocrine: slower but lasts longer
define: gland
one or more group of cells within an organ that function to produce hormones
define: hormone
chemicals that travel to the target tissue with instructions
define: target tissue
cells of a tissue that have receptors for a specific hormone
what are the glands of the endocrine system?
- hypothalamus
- anterior pituitary
- posterior pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
- pineal
- pancreas
- gonads
what are the hormones for the hypothalamus?
- GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
- CRH (coricotropin-releasing hormone)
- TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
- GHRH (growth hormone- releasing hormone)
fx: GnRH
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- fx: targets the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of FSH and LH
fx: CRH
- corticotropin-releasing hormone
- targets the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of ACTH
fx: TRH
- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- targets anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of TSH
fx: GHRH
- growth hormone-releasing hormone
- targets anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of GH
what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
- LH (luteinizing hormone)
- GH (growth hormone)
fx: TSH
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- targets the thyroid to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of thyroid
fx: ACTH
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- targets adrenal cortex to stimulate secetion of glucocorticoids and growth of the adrenal cortex
fx: FSH
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- targets ovaries to stimulate secretion of estrogen
- targets testes to stimulate sperm production
fx: LH
- luteinizing hormone
- targets ovaries to stimulate ovulation
- targets testes to stimulate secretion of testosterone
fx: GH
- growth hormone
- targets liver, bone, cartilage. muscle, adipose tissue to stimulae widespread tissue growth
- secreted during childhood
- GH levels decrease in adulthood
what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
- oxytocin
fx: ADH
- antidiuretic hormone
- targets kidneys to increase water retention
fx: oxytocin
- targets uterus to stimulate uterine
- targets lactating breasts to stimulate release of milk
what are the hormones of the thyroid?
- T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone)
- calcitonin
fx: T3 and T4
- thyroid hormone
- targets most tissues to elevate metabolic rate, increase heart and respiration rates; stimulates appetite
fx: calcitonin
- targets osteoblasts to stimulate bone deposition
what is the hormone of the parathyroid?
- PTH (parathyroid hormone)
fx: PTH
- parathyroid hormone
- targets osteoclasts to stimulate bone reabsorption to increase blood calcium levels
- targets kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys to maintain blood calcium levels
- targets small intestine to stimulae calcium absorption
what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- androgens (dehydroepiandosterone [DHEA])
fx: mineralocorticoids
- aldosterone
- targets kidneys to
- promote Na+ and water reabsorption
- promote K+ excretion
- maintain blood volume and pressure
fx: glucocorticoids
- cortisol
- targets most tissues to
- stimulate the breakdown of protein and fat to make glucose
- suppress the immune system
- reduce inflammation
fx: androgens
- dehydroepiandosterone [DHEA]
- targets most tissues
- a precursor to testosterone, responsible for male 2ndary sex characteristics
- & sex drive in both sexes
what is the hormone of the adrenal medulla?
- epinephrine
fx: epinephrine
- targets most tissues to
- raise metabolic rate
- increases heart and respiration rates
- increases blood glucose levels (complements ANS:SNS)
what is the hormone of the pineal gland?
- melatonin
fx: melatonin
- targets brain and hypothalamus to
- help regulate sleep-wake cycles of daily biological rhythms
- inhibits GnRH production
what are the hormones of the pancreas?
- insulin
- glucagon
fx: insulin
- targets most tissues, liver, to
- stimulate cells to take in glucose to lower blood glucose levels
- tell liver to store glucose as glycogen
fx: glucagon
- targets liver to stimulate glycogen conversion to glucose and its secretion to raise blood glucose levels
what are the glands –> hormones –> fx of the gonads?
- ovaries –> estrogen
- testes –> testosterone
loc: pineal gland
beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are connected by a stalk called..
the infundibulum
the thyroid hormone requires which mineral to maintain homeostasis?
iodine
there are usually ____ PTH glands in the body.
four
loc: PTH gland
- embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, two on each of the trachea.
based on chemical structure, what are the three general categories of hormones?
- steroids
- amino acid derivatives
- proteins
categories: steroids
- derived from a cholesterol molecule
- e.g incl. estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, mineralocirticoids, & glucorticoids
categories: amino acid derivatives
categories: proteins
a target tissue has receptors for a hormone based on _____.
shape
most hormones are secreted when…
there is a need; regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
what are three ways to initiatie the secretion of a hormone?
- a neuron stimulating a gland (e.g. sympathetic neurons stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine).
- another hormone stimulating a gland (e.g. hypothalamus hormones stimulate secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary).
- a substance stimulating a gland (e.g. pancreas monitors blood glucose levels).`
up-regulation
an increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone
down-regulation
when a cell decreases the number of receptors for a hormone
down-regulation is a response for to…
chronically high levels of a hormone.
what are the four ways a hormone may be eliminated?
- excretion (e.g. urine, bile)
- metabolism (e.g.
- active transport- recycle and release at another time (e.g. epinephrine)
- conjugation- bind water-soluble molecules to excrete faster (e.g. liver)
half-life
the length of time it takes for one-half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system.
when melatonin is reduced, so is the ______ effect on the ______.
inhibitory; hypothalamus
type i diabetes mellitus
- insulin-dependent
- diagnosed before age 30
- antibodies attack cells of pancreatic islets (that prod. insulin)
- body isn’t able to produce insulin
type ii diabetes mellitus
- inability to respond to pancreas
- blood glucose levels are chronically high
- can be treated with medications (to increase cells’ sensitivity to insulin), lifestyle changes
diabetes insipidus
- problem with the posterior pituitary
- does not release sufficient ADH
- water goes to urine instead of the blood
- very dehydrated
growth disorders are improper…
secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary
gigantism
- hypersecretion of GH during childhood before the epiphyseal plates close.
- accelerated bone growth
- suffer from swelling of: soft tissues, peripheral nerve damage, delayed onset of puberty.
acromegaly
- hypersecretion of GH in adulthood
- no elongation, but bones become more massive
- most noticeable in facial bones
- characteristics incl: thickened skin, deeper voice, degenerative arthritis, & organ enlargement.
goiters
- enlargement of the thyroid gland
- if there is no iodine, hyposecretion sets up a positive feedback loop of cont. stimulation of thyroid gland
- effects: weight gain, reduced appetite, constipation, dry skin, and lethargy
hyposecretion
hypersecretion
- ## enlarged thyroid gland, called a toxic goiter
hypothyroidism
- symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, enlarged thyroid gland, intolerant to cold temp, infertility, depression, slow heart rate
cushing’s syndrome
- excess production of ACTH usually caused by a pituitary tumor
- symptoms incl: moon face, obesity in the trunk of the body, collection of fat on lower neck and shoulders, muscle weakness, thin skin, compromised immunity
The endocrine system is composed _____ that make _____.
glands; hormones
TSH: more info
- a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary
- controls thyroid gland secretions
- regulated by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
Which pituitary hormone controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex?
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
The role of parathyroid hormone is to ______ while the role of calcitonin is to ______.
stimulate bone reabsorption; stimulate bone deposition
PTH ______ the loss of calcium in urine.
prevents
What class of hormone must bind receptors on the cell membrane because these hormones cannot enter the cell?
protein hormones
When a hormone binds receptors on the cell membrane, a chemical reaction in the membrane occurs. This reaction creates a ______ ______ which carries the information to where it is needed in the cell to initiate hormone function.
second messenger
In up-regulation, a cell becomes ______ sensitive to a hormone.
more
Steroid hormones bind to hormone receptors _____.
in the nucleus
The binding of a hormone to the receptor on the cell membrane causes a chemical reaction ______ the cell.
inside
Melatonin ______ the production of GnRH.
inhibits
High levels of ______ in the blood, along with low levels of ______, is a sign of Addison’s disease.
ACTH; cortisol
An autoimmune disorder that results in the chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland and results in the inability of the gland to function properly, causing hyposecretion of thyroid hormone is ______ disease.
hashimoto’s
The type of goiter that is an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from an iodine deficiency is a(n) ______ ______.
endemic goiter
Myxedema is a serious condition that occurs in people suffering from ______.
hypothyroidism
elements: anti-
P –> against
elements: -di-
P –> complete
elements: -uret-
R –> urination
elements: -ic
S –> pertaining to
antidiuretic
an agent that decreases urine production
elements: endo-
P –> within
elements: -crine
R/CF –> secrete
The gonad is Latin for:
seed
The thymus gland starts out ______ in children and over time ______ in size.
large; decreases
Severe congenital hypothyroidism is known as:
cretin
What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
- kidney stones
- calcium depletion in bones
- high blood calcium levels
emac/i-ation
abnormal thinness
What is the most common cause of foot ulcers and gangrene of the lower extremities, sometimes requiring amputation?
hyperglycemia
