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SC.SM-- AP & MT > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

proctologist

A

surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum

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2
Q

dentists

A

practitioners trained to diagnose and treat oral health conditions

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3
Q

periodontists

A

specialize in disorders of the tissues around the teeth

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4
Q

nutritionist

A

promote healthy eating habits

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5
Q

dieticians

A

manage food service systems and promote sound eating habits

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6
Q

the digestive system is composed of:

A
  • alimentary canal (digestive tract)
    • mouth –> anus & accessory organs
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7
Q

what is the order of the alimenrary canal?

A

mouth –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine

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8
Q

name several accessory organs!

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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9
Q

what are the functions and actions of the digestive system?

A

1: ingestion
2. movement
3. digestion
4. secretion
5. absorption
6. elimination

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10
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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11
Q

bolus

A

mass or lump

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12
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contraction and relaxation

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13
Q

what are the two types of digestion?

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
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14
Q

mechanical digestion

A

‘chewing’ breakdown from larger to smaller pieces

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15
Q

chemical digestion

A

uses digestive enzymes to breakdown large molecules of food into smaller/simpler chemicals

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16
Q

what are the three main groups of digestive enzymes?

A
  • amylases
  • lipases
  • proteases
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17
Q

amylase digests…

A

carbohydrates

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18
Q

lipase digests…

A

fats

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19
Q

proteases digests…

A

proteins

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20
Q

uvula: loc. & fx

A

loc: projection off of the soft palate
fx: partially closes nasopharynx when swallowing & prod. additional saliva to lube throat

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21
Q

the roof of the mouth consists of the…

A
  • 2/3 anterior hard palate
  • 1/3 posterior soft palate
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22
Q

a taste bud cell lives for…

A

7-10 days

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23
Q

the average adult has __ teeth..
__ in upper jaw (_______); 16 in lower jaw (______)

A

32 teeth; 16 in maxilla; 16 in mandible

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24
Q

enamel

A

hard substance covering the tooth

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25
Q

bulk of a tooth is composed of ______.

A

dentin: dense, ivory-like substance loc. under the enamel in a tooth

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26
Q

medical term for “gums”

A

gingiva

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27
Q

or- (os)

A

R: mouth

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28
Q

Old English: mouth

A

mouth

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29
Q

French: enamel

A

enamel

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30
Q

Latin: gingiva

A

gum

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31
Q

Latin: papilla

A

small pimple

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32
Q

-odont-

A

R: tooth

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33
Q

Latin: pulp

A

flesh

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34
Q

Latin: uvula

A

grape

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35
Q

-lingu-

A

R: tongue

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36
Q

where are the three locations of the salivary glands?

A
  • parotid (beside ears)
  • sublingual (beneath tongue)
  • submandibular (beneath mandible)
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37
Q

how much saliva is secreted daily?

A

more than a quart

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38
Q

saliva is __% water; list major fx

A

95% water
digest starch and fat and lubricate food so it’s easier to swallow

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39
Q

how long is the esophagus?

A

9-10 inches

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40
Q

Latin: hiatus

A

an aperture

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41
Q

hiat-

A

R: opening

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42
Q

Greek: esophagus

A

gullet

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43
Q

chyme

A

a mixture of semi-digested food

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44
Q

what do the cells of the stomach lining secrete?

A
  1. mucus
  2. hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  3. pepsin
  4. intrinsic factor
  5. gastrin
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45
Q

stomach secretions: mucus

A
  • lubricates food
  • protects stomach lining
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46
Q

stomach secretions: hydrochloric acid

A
  • HCl
  • breaks up CT of meat and cell walls of veggies
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47
Q

stomach secretions: pepsin

A

an active enzyme that stars protein digestion

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48
Q

stomach secretions: intrinsic factor

A
  • vit. B12 absorption in small intestine
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49
Q

stomach secretions: gastrin

A
  • a chemical
  • stimulates HCl and pepsinogen production
  • encourages stomach’s peristaltic contractions
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50
Q

Greek: chyme

A

juice

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51
Q

Latin: cecum

A

blind

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52
Q

intrins-

A

R: on the inside

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53
Q

Latin: jejunum

A

empty

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54
Q

Greek: pepsin

A

to digest

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55
Q

pylor-

A

R: gate, pylorus

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56
Q

Latin: portal vein

A

portal: gate
vein: vein

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57
Q

Anglo-Saxon: starch

A

stiffen

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58
Q

Latin: villus

A

shaggy hair

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59
Q

why is the small intestine “small”?

A

for its diameter

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60
Q

small intestine: fx

A

absorption of most nutrients

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61
Q

what are the three segments of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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62
Q

duodenum: features

A
  • 9 to 10 inches long
  • receives chyme, pancreatic juices and bile
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63
Q

jejunum: features

A
  • 40% of small intestine’s length
  • primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
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64
Q

ileum: features

A
  • last 55% of small intestine’s length
  • at the end, is the ileocecal valve (a sphincter that controls entry into large intestine).
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65
Q

food spends ___ hours in the small intestine

A

3 - 5 hours

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66
Q

glucose is the _____ source of….

A

major source of energy for all cells

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67
Q

proteins are important for digestion because…

A

they are broken down into amino acids which get transported to different cells to be used as building blocks for new tissue formation.

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68
Q

minerals are…

A

electrolytes

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69
Q

what happens during malnutrition?

A

body breaks down its own tissues to meet nutritional and metabolic needs.

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70
Q

lactase

A

breaks down
lactose –> glucose

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71
Q

lipids digestion process

A

large globules are emulsified by bile salts –> small droplets
- so pancreatic lipase digest them into very small droplets of free fatty acids and monoglycerides
- small droplets are taken up. by lacteals (lymph vessels) inside the villito lymph system
- now comb. with chyle to move to thoracic duct and eventually bloodstream

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72
Q

chyle is stored in…

A

adipose tissue

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73
Q

what are some fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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74
Q

amin/o-

A

R: nitrogen containing

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75
Q

emuls-

A

R: suspend in a liquid

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76
Q

large intestine: fx

A
  • absorption of water and electrolytes
  • secretion of mucus: to protect intestinal wall and hold fecal matter tg
  • digestion of any remnants of food
  • peristalsis
  • elimination
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77
Q

Latin: anus

A

ring

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78
Q

Latin: appendix

A

appendage

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79
Q

Latin: feces

A

dregs

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80
Q

Latin: flatus

A

blowing

81
Q

-ence

A

S: forming

82
Q

flatul-

A

R: excessive gas

83
Q

Latin: flexure

A

bend

84
Q

liver: fx

A
  • manufacture and excrete bile
  • remove bilirubin (rust-color pigment) from bloodstream
  • store excess sugar as glycogen
  • manufacture blood proteins (incl. ones for clotting)
85
Q

hepat-

A

R: liver

86
Q

gallbladder: fx

A

stores and concentrates bile produced by liver

87
Q

what two ducts form the common bile duct?
what is its purpose?

A
  • cystic duct (gallbladder) & hepatic duct
  • moves bile from liver to duodenum (biliary tract)
88
Q

what is the purpose of alkaline electrolytes within pancreatic juices?

A

to neutralize the acid chyme

89
Q

Latin: varix

A

dilated vein
pl. varices

90
Q

esophagitis

A
  • inflammation of the esophogeal lining
  • produces a burning chest pain (heartburn)
  • caused by reflux of stomach acid contents
91
Q

GERD

A
  • gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • backward flow of stomach’s acid contents into the esophagus
92
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

93
Q

what are some examples of NSAIDs?

A
94
Q

hiatal hernia

A

portion of stomach protrudes through the diaphragm along the esophagus at the esophagus hiatus

95
Q

esophageal varices

A
  • dilated veins of the esophagus
  • asymptomatic until they rupture
  • common finding w. liver cirrhosis
96
Q

what are symptoms of esophageal cancer?

A
  • dysphagia (diff swallowing)
  • heartburn
  • weight loss
97
Q

emesis is the medical term for…

A

vomiting

98
Q

peptic ulcers

A

loc: stomach and duodenum
- mucosal lining breaks down

99
Q

-orex-

A

R: apetite

100
Q

-peps-

A

R: digestion

101
Q

gastroenteritis can be casued by viruses, bacteria, and which parasite?

A

Giardia lablia: combo of food poisoning and water

102
Q

bleeding from small intestine is usually caused by a…

A

duodenal ulcer

103
Q

celiac disease

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • immune reaction to eating gluten
  • damages lining of small intestine
  • can cause abdominal swelling, gas, pain, weight loss, fatigue, and weakness
104
Q

intussuception

A

when portions of small intestine slides into another portion
(e.g. collapsible telescope)

105
Q

treatment for an intussuception

A

80% enema
20% surgical intervention

106
Q

paralytic ileus

A

small intestine’s inability to perform normal peristaltic contractions

107
Q

ileus can be caused by…

A
  • bowel obstruction or intestinal paralhysis
108
Q

what is the most common malignant tumor of the small bowel?

A

adenocarcinoma

109
Q

malabsorption syndromes

A

a group of diseases referring to an impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients

110
Q

malnutrition

A

lack of food; loss of appetite

111
Q

lactose intolerance

A

small intestine is not producing enough lactase to break down milk sugar lactose

112
Q

diarrhea

A

intestinal lining irritation; causes feces to pass through too quickly

113
Q

Crohn’s disease

A
  • regional enteritis
  • inflammation of small intestine (mostly w.in ileum)
114
Q

contipation

A
  • too much water is abdorbed
  • slow fecal movement through large intestine
  • feces hardens
115
Q

dysentery

A

severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis
+ blood and mucus in watery stools

116
Q

celi-

A

R: abdomen

117
Q

dis-

A

P: apart

118
Q

-ease

A

S: normal function

119
Q

Latin: gluten

A

glue

120
Q

intus-

A

P: within

121
Q

-suscept-

A

R: to take up

122
Q

all-

A

P: other

123
Q

-ergy

A

R: process of working

124
Q

-erg

A

R: work

125
Q

-gen

A

R: to produce

126
Q

constip-

A

R: press together

127
Q

-entery

A

R: condition of the small intestine

128
Q

Latin: intolerance

A

unable to cope with

129
Q

cirrhosis of the liver

A
  • chronic and irreversible disease
  • replace normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
  • common causes: alcoholism, prolonged hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
130
Q

chol/e-

A

R/CF: bile

131
Q

-cyst-

A

R: bladder

132
Q

choledoch/o-

A

R/CF: common bile duct

133
Q

-lith-

A

R: stone

134
Q

gall-

A

R: bitter

135
Q

-stone

A

R: pebble

136
Q

French: jaundice

A

yellow

137
Q

Greek: melena

A

black

138
Q

Latin: bowel

A

sausage

139
Q

diverticul-

A

R: byroad

140
Q

-rrhoid

A

S: flow

141
Q

Latin: fissure

A

slit

142
Q

Latin: polyp

A

foot

143
Q

proct-

A

R: anus, rectum

144
Q

intraoral camera

A

ability to view oral structures

145
Q

endoscopes

A
  • long, flexible devices w. a light and camera at the tip
  • display and record inside of GI tract
146
Q

enteroscopy

A

uses endoscope to view upper GI structures for signs of cancer, polyps, bleeding, or ulcers

147
Q

gastroscopy

A

limits view to stomach

148
Q

panendoscopy

A

views all upper GI structures

149
Q

ileoscopy

A

views ileum by inserting an endoscope through ileostomy

150
Q

double balloon endoscopy

A

two balloons at endoscope tip to allow endoscope to move farther into small intestine

151
Q

endoscopic ultrasound

A
  • EUS
  • detailed imaging and analysis of pancreas
  • through mouth –> stomach –> duodenum
  • probe emits sound waves that bounce off surrounding structures; then recaptured by probe to produce images
  • assess pancreatic tumors/cysts and acute/chronic pancreatitis
152
Q

colonoscopy

A

view entire colon (large intestine)

153
Q

anoscopy

A

views tissue of anus

154
Q

proctoscopy

A

view anal cavity and rectum for presence of polyps or hemorrhoids

155
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

view rectum up througoh sigmoid colon

156
Q

anastom-

A

R: join together

157
Q

bari-

A

R: weight

158
Q

-atric

A

S: treatment

159
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete hormones, incl. gastrin

160
Q

chief cells

A

most numerous cells in gastric glands; secrete pepsinogen

161
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl, which converts pepsinogen –> pepsin and activates gastric lipase

162
Q

stem cells

A

regenerate the other gastric gland cells

163
Q

simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the:

A

hepatic portal vein

164
Q

order of large intestine

A

cecum –> ascending colon –> transverse colon –> descending colon –> sigmoid colon –> rectum –> anal canal –> anus

165
Q

tTe medical term for indigestion or “upset stomach” is

A

dyspepsia

166
Q

stoma

A

an artificial opening

167
Q

lingual frenulum

A

the fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

168
Q

the pH of saliva is

A

6.8 to 7.0 pH.

169
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

guard the opening of the larynx

170
Q

Primary teeth (deciduous) teeth normally erupt at the age of ____.

A

6 mo. to 2 years

171
Q

Secondary (permanent) teeth replace ____ teeth.

A

deciduous

172
Q

The most anterior teeth are the ____

A

incisors.

173
Q

When the stomach stretches, the rugae become _____ apparent.

A

less

174
Q

When extremely full the stomach can hold how much food?

A

up to 4 L

175
Q

from which sources does the liver receive blood?

A

hepatic artery (oxygenated blood)
hepatic portal vein (nutrient-rich blood)

176
Q

T/F: bile contains digestive enzymes

A

false

177
Q

each haptic lobule has a central _____

A

vein

178
Q

what is segmentation?

A

a stationary constriction of smooth muscle

179
Q

describe the common bile duct

A
  • the cystic duct feeds into the common bile duct (cbd.)
  • cbd is a tube running from the common hepatic duct to the duod.
  • hepatopancreatic sphincter regulate the passage of materials from the cbd.
180
Q

the villi in the small intestine are covered in ______ cells

A

simple columnar epithelial

181
Q

the two basic types of movement of the small intestine are:

A

segmentation and peristalsis

182
Q

the appendix contains ______

A

lymphocytes

183
Q

sympathetic neurons from the celiac ganglion _____ digestion

A

suppress

184
Q

what substances are absorbed by the large intestine?

A
  • vitamin k
  • electrolytes
  • water
185
Q

hairy leukopenia is a disorder commonly seen in people with ____

A

HIV

186
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the gi.i tract caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection

187
Q

gastric ulcers are caused by ____

A

bacterium.

188
Q

leukoplakia are ____

A

white patches

189
Q

A condition characterized by a portion of the intestines folding back into itself, similar to a telescope, resulting in obstruction of the intestines and possible ischemia is:

A

intussusception

190
Q

crohn’s disease

A

an autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease; causes chronic inflammation along the g.i tract

191
Q

what are the two main causes of cirrhosis?

A
  • excessive alcohol consumption
  • chronic hepatitis infection
192
Q

peptic ulcers

A

an imbalance of gastric juices that can cause erosions within the digestive tract.

193
Q

hepatitis a

A

causes acute liver disease; transmitted by ingestion of fecal matter, direct contact w. an infected, or ingesting contaminated food

194
Q

hepatitis b

A

causes liver diseases (severity ranges); transmitted by contact with infected blood or other body fluids

195
Q

hepatitis d

A

causes serious liver disease; uncommon in u.s.

196
Q

what pathogens causes food poisoning from ingesting toxins made by bacterium?

A

Staphylococcus
Botulism

197
Q

what can fix an air enema?

A

intussusception

198
Q
A

SC.SM-- AP & MT (11 decks)

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