digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
proctologist
A
surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum
2
Q
dentists
A
practitioners trained to diagnose and treat oral health conditions
3
Q
periodontists
A
specialize in disorders of the tissues around the teeth
4
Q
nutritionist
A
promote healthy eating habits
5
Q
dieticians
A
manage food service systems and promote sound eating habits
6
Q
the digestive system is composed of:
A
- alimentary canal (digestive tract)
- mouth –> anus & accessory organs
7
Q
what is the order of the alimenrary canal?
A
mouth –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine
8
Q
name several accessory organs!
A
- teeth
- tongue
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
9
Q
what are the functions and actions of the digestive system?
A
1: ingestion
2. movement
3. digestion
4. secretion
5. absorption
6. elimination
10
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
11
Q
bolus
A
mass or lump
12
Q
peristalsis
A
waves of contraction and relaxation
13
Q
what are the two types of digestion?
A
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
14
Q
mechanical digestion
A
‘chewing’ breakdown from larger to smaller pieces
15
Q
chemical digestion
A
uses digestive enzymes to breakdown large molecules of food into smaller/simpler chemicals
16
Q
what are the three main groups of digestive enzymes?
A
- amylases
- lipases
- proteases
17
Q
amylase digests…
A
carbohydrates
18
Q
lipase digests…
A
fats
19
Q
proteases digests…
A
proteins
20
Q
uvula: loc. & fx
A
loc: projection off of the soft palate
fx: partially closes nasopharynx when swallowing & prod. additional saliva to lube throat
21
Q
the roof of the mouth consists of the…
A
- 2/3 anterior hard palate
- 1/3 posterior soft palate
22
Q
a taste bud cell lives for…
A
7-10 days
23
Q
the average adult has __ teeth..
__ in upper jaw (_______); 16 in lower jaw (______)
A
32 teeth; 16 in maxilla; 16 in mandible
24
Q
enamel
A
hard substance covering the tooth
25
bulk of a tooth is composed of ______.
dentin: dense, ivory-like substance loc. under the enamel in a tooth
26
medical term for "gums"
gingiva
27
or- (os)
R: mouth
28
Old English: mouth
mouth
29
French: enamel
enamel
30
Latin: gingiva
gum
31
Latin: papilla
small pimple
32
-odont-
R: tooth
33
Latin: pulp
flesh
34
Latin: uvula
grape
35
-lingu-
R: tongue
36
where are the three locations of the salivary glands?
- parotid (beside ears)
- sublingual (beneath tongue)
- submandibular (beneath mandible)
37
how much saliva is secreted daily?
more than a quart
38
saliva is __% water; list major fx
95% water
digest starch and fat and lubricate food so it's easier to swallow
39
how long is the esophagus?
9-10 inches
40
Latin: hiatus
an aperture
41
hiat-
R: opening
42
Greek: esophagus
gullet
43
chyme
a mixture of semi-digested food
44
what do the cells of the stomach lining secrete?
1. mucus
2. hydrochloric acid (HCl)
3. pepsin
4. intrinsic factor
5. gastrin
45
stomach secretions: mucus
- lubricates food
- protects stomach lining
46
stomach secretions: hydrochloric acid
- HCl
- breaks up CT of meat and cell walls of veggies
47
stomach secretions: pepsin
an active enzyme that stars protein digestion
48
stomach secretions: intrinsic factor
- vit. B12 absorption in small intestine
49
stomach secretions: gastrin
- a chemical
- stimulates HCl and pepsinogen production
- encourages stomach's peristaltic contractions
50
Greek: chyme
juice
51
Latin: cecum
blind
52
intrins-
R: on the inside
53
Latin: jejunum
empty
54
Greek: pepsin
to digest
55
pylor-
R: gate, pylorus
56
Latin: portal vein
portal: gate
vein: vein
57
Anglo-Saxon: starch
stiffen
58
Latin: villus
shaggy hair
59
why is the small intestine "small"?
for its diameter
60
small intestine: fx
absorption of most nutrients
61
what are the three segments of the small intestine?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
62
duodenum: features
- 9 to 10 inches long
- receives chyme, pancreatic juices and bile
63
jejunum: features
- 40% of small intestine's length
- primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
64
ileum: features
- last 55% of small intestine's length
- at the end, is the ileocecal valve (a sphincter that controls entry into large intestine).
65
food spends ___ hours in the small intestine
3 - 5 hours
66
glucose is the _____ source of....
major source of energy for all cells
67
proteins are important for digestion because...
they are broken down into amino acids which get transported to different cells to be used as building blocks for new tissue formation.
68
minerals are...
electrolytes
69
what happens during malnutrition?
body breaks down its own tissues to meet nutritional and metabolic needs.
70
lactase
breaks down
lactose --> glucose
71
lipids digestion process
large globules are emulsified by bile salts --> small droplets
- so pancreatic lipase digest them into very small droplets of free fatty acids and monoglycerides
- small droplets are taken up. by lacteals (lymph vessels) inside the villito lymph system
- now comb. with chyle to move to thoracic duct and eventually bloodstream
72
chyle is stored in...
adipose tissue
73
what are some fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
74
amin/o-
R: nitrogen containing
75
emuls-
R: suspend in a liquid
76
large intestine: fx
- absorption of water and electrolytes
- secretion of mucus: to protect intestinal wall and hold fecal matter tg
- digestion of any remnants of food
- peristalsis
- elimination
77
Latin: anus
ring
78
Latin: appendix
appendage
79
Latin: feces
dregs
80
Latin: flatus
blowing
81
-ence
S: forming
82
flatul-
R: excessive gas
83
Latin: flexure
bend
84
liver: fx
- manufacture and excrete bile
- remove bilirubin (rust-color pigment) from bloodstream
- store excess sugar as glycogen
- manufacture blood proteins (incl. ones for clotting)
85
hepat-
R: liver
86
gallbladder: fx
stores and concentrates bile produced by liver
87
what two ducts form the common bile duct?
what is its purpose?
- cystic duct (gallbladder) & hepatic duct
- moves bile from liver to duodenum (biliary tract)
88
what is the purpose of alkaline electrolytes within pancreatic juices?
to neutralize the acid chyme
89
Latin: varix
dilated vein
pl. varices
90
esophagitis
- inflammation of the esophogeal lining
- produces a burning chest pain (heartburn)
- caused by reflux of stomach acid contents
91
GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- backward flow of stomach's acid contents into the esophagus
92
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
93
what are some examples of NSAIDs?
94
hiatal hernia
portion of stomach protrudes through the diaphragm along the esophagus at the esophagus hiatus
95
esophageal varices
- dilated veins of the esophagus
- asymptomatic until they rupture
- common finding w. liver cirrhosis
96
what are symptoms of esophageal cancer?
- dysphagia (diff swallowing)
- heartburn
- weight loss
97
emesis is the medical term for...
vomiting
98
peptic ulcers
loc: stomach and duodenum
- mucosal lining breaks down
99
-orex-
R: apetite
100
-peps-
R: digestion
101
gastroenteritis can be casued by viruses, bacteria, and which parasite?
Giardia lablia: combo of food poisoning and water
102
bleeding from small intestine is usually caused by a...
duodenal ulcer
103
celiac disease
- autoimmune disease
- immune reaction to eating gluten
- damages lining of small intestine
- can cause abdominal swelling, gas, pain, weight loss, fatigue, and weakness
104
intussuception
when portions of small intestine slides into another portion
(e.g. collapsible telescope)
105
treatment for an intussuception
80% enema
20% surgical intervention
106
paralytic ileus
small intestine's inability to perform normal peristaltic contractions
107
ileus can be caused by...
- bowel obstruction or intestinal paralhysis
108
what is the most common malignant tumor of the small bowel?
adenocarcinoma
109
malabsorption syndromes
a group of diseases referring to an impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients
110
malnutrition
lack of food; loss of appetite
111
lactose intolerance
small intestine is not producing enough lactase to break down milk sugar lactose
112
diarrhea
intestinal lining irritation; causes feces to pass through too quickly
113
Crohn's disease
- regional enteritis
- inflammation of small intestine (mostly w.in ileum)
114
contipation
- too much water is abdorbed
- slow fecal movement through large intestine
- feces hardens
115
dysentery
severe form of bacterial gastroenteritis
+ blood and mucus in watery stools
116
celi-
R: abdomen
117
dis-
P: apart
118
-ease
S: normal function
119
Latin: gluten
glue
120
intus-
P: within
121
-suscept-
R: to take up
122
all-
P: other
123
-ergy
R: process of working
124
-erg
R: work
125
-gen
R: to produce
126
constip-
R: press together
127
-entery
R: condition of the small intestine
128
Latin: intolerance
unable to cope with
129
cirrhosis of the liver
- chronic and irreversible disease
- replace normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
- common causes: alcoholism, prolonged hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
130
chol/e-
R/CF: bile
131
-cyst-
R: bladder
132
choledoch/o-
R/CF: common bile duct
133
-lith-
R: stone
134
gall-
R: bitter
135
-stone
R: pebble
136
French: jaundice
yellow
137
Greek: melena
black
138
Latin: bowel
sausage
139
diverticul-
R: byroad
140
-rrhoid
S: flow
141
Latin: fissure
slit
142
Latin: polyp
foot
143
proct-
R: anus, rectum
144
intraoral camera
ability to view oral structures
145
endoscopes
- long, flexible devices w. a light and camera at the tip
- display and record inside of GI tract
146
enteroscopy
uses endoscope to view upper GI structures for signs of cancer, polyps, bleeding, or ulcers
147
gastroscopy
limits view to stomach
148
panendoscopy
views all upper GI structures
149
ileoscopy
views ileum by inserting an endoscope through ileostomy
150
double balloon endoscopy
two balloons at endoscope tip to allow endoscope to move farther into small intestine
151
endoscopic ultrasound
- EUS
- detailed imaging and analysis of pancreas
- through mouth --> stomach --> duodenum
- probe emits sound waves that bounce off surrounding structures; then recaptured by probe to produce images
- assess pancreatic tumors/cysts and acute/chronic pancreatitis
152
colonoscopy
view entire colon (large intestine)
153
anoscopy
views tissue of anus
154
proctoscopy
view anal cavity and rectum for presence of polyps or hemorrhoids
155
sigmoidoscopy
view rectum up througoh sigmoid colon
156
anastom-
R: join together
157
bari-
R: weight
158
-atric
S: treatment
159
enteroendocrine cells
secrete hormones, incl. gastrin
160
chief cells
most numerous cells in gastric glands; secrete pepsinogen
161
parietal cells
secrete HCl, which converts pepsinogen --> pepsin and activates gastric lipase
162
stem cells
regenerate the other gastric gland cells
163
simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the:
hepatic portal vein
164
order of large intestine
cecum --> ascending colon --> transverse colon --> descending colon --> sigmoid colon --> rectum --> anal canal --> anus
165
tTe medical term for indigestion or "upset stomach" is
dyspepsia
166
stoma
an artificial opening
167
lingual frenulum
the fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth
168
the pH of saliva is
6.8 to 7.0 pH.
169
what is the epiglottis?
guard the opening of the larynx
170
Primary teeth (deciduous) teeth normally erupt at the age of ____.
6 mo. to 2 years
171
Secondary (permanent) teeth replace ____ teeth.
deciduous
172
The most anterior teeth are the ____
incisors.
173
When the stomach stretches, the rugae become _____ apparent.
less
174
When extremely full the stomach can hold how much food?
up to 4 L
175
from which sources does the liver receive blood?
hepatic artery (oxygenated blood)
hepatic portal vein (nutrient-rich blood)
176
T/F: bile contains digestive enzymes
false
177
each haptic lobule has a central _____
vein
178
what is segmentation?
a stationary constriction of smooth muscle
179
describe the common bile duct
- the cystic duct feeds into the common bile duct (cbd.)
- cbd is a tube running from the common hepatic duct to the duod.
- hepatopancreatic sphincter regulate the passage of materials from the cbd.
180
the villi in the small intestine are covered in ______ cells
simple columnar epithelial
181
the two basic types of movement of the small intestine are:
segmentation and peristalsis
182
the appendix contains ______
lymphocytes
183
sympathetic neurons from the celiac ganglion _____ digestion
suppress
184
what substances are absorbed by the large intestine?
- vitamin k
- electrolytes
- water
185
hairy leukopenia is a disorder commonly seen in people with ____
HIV
186
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the gi.i tract caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection
187
gastric ulcers are caused by ____
bacterium.
188
leukoplakia are ____
white patches
189
A condition characterized by a portion of the intestines folding back into itself, similar to a telescope, resulting in obstruction of the intestines and possible ischemia is:
intussusception
190
crohn's disease
an autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease; causes chronic inflammation along the g.i tract
191
what are the two main causes of cirrhosis?
- excessive alcohol consumption
- chronic hepatitis infection
192
peptic ulcers
an imbalance of gastric juices that can cause erosions within the digestive tract.
193
hepatitis a
causes acute liver disease; transmitted by ingestion of fecal matter, direct contact w. an infected, or ingesting contaminated food
194
hepatitis b
causes liver diseases (severity ranges); transmitted by contact with infected blood or other body fluids
195
hepatitis d
causes serious liver disease; uncommon in u.s.
196
what pathogens causes food poisoning from ingesting toxins made by bacterium?
Staphylococcus
Botulism
197
what can fix an air enema?
intussusception
198
