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SC.SM-- AP & MT > lymphatic system & respiratory system > Flashcards

lymphatic system & respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

a disease causing organism

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2
Q
A

substance creating a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

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3
Q

pertaining to lymph

A

lymphatic

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4
Q

spleen

A

vascular, lymphatic organ in LUG of abdomen

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5
Q

the respiratory system involves…

A

nose –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi and bronchioles –> alveoli

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6
Q

what is respiration?

A
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7
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • exchange of gases
  • ## reguilation of pH
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8
Q

pulmon-

A

R: lung

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9
Q

spir-

A

R: to breathe

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A
  • passageway for air
  • cleans, lubricates, and warms air
  • olfaction (smell)
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11
Q

immun/o-

A

protection

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12
Q

lymph is a fluid derived from…

A

plasma

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13
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • migrate from red bone marrow –> lymphoid tissues
  • samples its environment and posts what it finds
  • two types
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14
Q

NK cells

A
  • natural killer cells
  • non-specific defense
  • destroy, fight, and attack pathogens
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15
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • migrate from red bone marrow –> thymus (where they mature)
  • four types
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16
Q

T helper cells

A
  • recognize foreign pathogens
  • activate cells to fight them
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17
Q

T cytotoxic cells

A

directly kill cells infected by viruses and cancer cells in specific immunity

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18
Q

T memory cells

A

remember pathogens so that body can fight exposure more swiftly

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19
Q

T regulatory cells

A

limit and prevent autoimmune responses

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20
Q

B plasma cells

A

produce antibodies (seek out foreign antigens to destroy)

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21
Q

B memory cells

A

remember pathogens so the body can fight off exposure more swiftly.

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22
Q

macrophages

A

to eat bacteria, debris, and dead neutrophils

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23
Q

dendritic cells

A

stand guard at epidermis to alert body of pathogens entering through the skin.

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24
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
  • lymphocytes scattered throughout the lining tracts of mucous membranes
  • body’s body guard
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25
peyer's patches
- loc: distal end of small intestine, just before opening of large intestine - nodules that fight any bacteria moving into sm.intest from lrg.intest
26
lymph nodes
filters located along lymph vessels
27
what are the tree types of tonsils?
- 1 pharyngeal - 2 palatine - many lingual
28
pulp functions of the spleen
- red pulp: reservoir for RBCs and destroys old RBCs - white pulp: reservoir for lymphocytes and macrophages and battle site b/w lymphcells and pathogens
29
more spleen functions
- regulate blood volume (transfers excess fluid in blood --> lymph system as lymph).
30
nonspecific defense
work to fight off pathogens w.out prior exposure
31
specific immunity
fight pathogens that the body has been exposed to prior
32
what are the two lines of nonspecific defense?
1. external barriers 2. inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever, etc.
33
what are some examples of external barriers?
- skin - mucous membranes
34
how does inflammation defend the body?
- limit spread of pathogens - remove debris and damaged tissue - initiate tissue repair
35
what are two types of antimicrobial proteins?
- interferons - complement system
36
interferons
- encourage surrounding healthy cells to make antiviral proteins - activate macrophages and NK cells to fight cancer cells
37
complement system
- 20 inactive proteins - can increase inflammation, cytolysis, or opsonization
38
cytolysis
break pathogen apart
39
opsonization
mark a pathogenic cell to make it easier for macrophages to phagocytize it
40
APC process of presenting an antigen
1. phagocytosis of antigen 2. lysosome fuses w. vesicle containing the antigen 3. enzymes from lysosome and the antigen mix 4. enzymes break down the antigen 5. antigen residue is exocytosed 6. antigen fragment (epitope) is displayed on an MHC protein
41
humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
uses B cells making antibodies to attack a foreign antigen
42
humoral immunity process
1. The B cell displays a foreign epitope on the MHC protein 2. T helper cell recognizes the epitope as foreign, binds B cell and secretes interleukin-2. 3. interleukin-2 stimulates the B cell to clone itself 4. cloned B cells differentiate to become plasma B cells and memory B cells 5. plasma B cells release antibodies specific to the antigen for attack.
43
cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
1. antigen recognization 2. costimulation 3. cloning and differentiation 4. lethal hit
44
the four terms of acquired immunity
- passive - active - natural - artificial
45
why are T helper cells so important?
46
functions of the lymphatic system
- fluid balance - lipid absorption - defense against diseases - provide immunity
47
hodgkin lymphoma
48
non-hodgkin lymphoma
49
multiple myeloma
cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow
50
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
51
allergies
hypersensitivties to a foreign antigen
52
molecular mimicry
one molecule is so similar in structure to another molecule * one is mistaken for the other
53
AIDS
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome
54
the germinal center in the lymph nodes ______.
is the site used for cloning lymphocytes within the lymph nodes
55
Two white blood cells that function to aid lymph nodes in protecting the body are _____ and _____.
macrophages and lymphocytes
56
lymph is carried away from a lymph node through an ______ lymphatic vessel.
efferent
57
germinal center
the site for cloning lymphocytes in the lymph nodes when infection is present
58
lymph is carried to a lymph node through an _____ lymphatic vessel
afferent
59
the skin has a(n) _____ _____, responsible for the skin's low pH which makes it inhospitable for bacteria and other pathogens
acid mantle
60
artificial active immunity
exposure to non-threatening antigens in a vaccination that promote an immune response, and production of protective antibodies
61
artificial passive immunity
an injection of antibodies or antitoxins that protects from an infectious agent
62
natural active immunity
exposure to the infectious agent; immune system creates antibodies against it
63
natural passive immunity
an infant receives antibodies from the mother's breast milk that protect against the infectious agent
64
inspiration
inhalation of air into lungs
65
expiration
expel air out of lung
66
tidal volume
- TV - amount of air moved in a normal breath (in or exp) at rest - 500 mL
67
inspiratory reserve volume
- IRV - amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond inspired normal breath at rest - 3,000 mL
68
expiratory reserve volume
- ERV - amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond expired normal breath at rest - 1,100 mL
69
functional residual capacity
- FRC - amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration - FRC = ERV + RV - 2,300 mL
70
inspiratory capacity
- IC - max amount of air that can be inspired after expiration normal breath at rest - 3,500 mL
71
vital capacity
- max amount of air that can be moved - VC = IC + FRC - 4,600 mL
72
total lung capacity
- TLC - max amount of air the lung can hold - TLC = VC + RV - 5,800 mL
73
croup
loud, seal-like barking cough and difficulty breathing
74
emphysema
constant inflammation from irritants narrow bronchioles, reducing airflow to the lungs
75
ARDS
- acute respiratory distress syndrome - lack of oxygen in blood
76
respiratory functions
- acid-base balance - speech - gas exchange - creation of pressure gradients
77

SC.SM-- AP & MT (13 decks)

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