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SC.SM-- AP & MT > lymphatic system & respiratory system > Flashcards

lymphatic system & respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

a disease causing organism

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2
Q
A

substance creating a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

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3
Q

pertaining to lymph

A

lymphatic

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4
Q

spleen

A

vascular, lymphatic organ in LUG of abdomen

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5
Q

the respiratory system involves…

A

nose –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi and bronchioles –> alveoli

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6
Q

what is respiration?

A
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7
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • exchange of gases
  • ## reguilation of pH
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8
Q

pulmon-

A

R: lung

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9
Q

spir-

A

R: to breathe

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A
  • passageway for air
  • cleans, lubricates, and warms air
  • olfaction (smell)
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11
Q

immun/o-

A

protection

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12
Q

lymph is a fluid derived from…

A

plasma

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13
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • migrate from red bone marrow –> lymphoid tissues
  • samples its environment and posts what it finds
  • two types
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14
Q

NK cells

A
  • natural killer cells
  • non-specific defense
  • destroy, fight, and attack pathogens
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15
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • migrate from red bone marrow –> thymus (where they mature)
  • four types
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16
Q

T helper cells

A
  • recognize foreign pathogens
  • activate cells to fight them
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17
Q

T cytotoxic cells

A

directly kill cells infected by viruses and cancer cells in specific immunity

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18
Q

T memory cells

A

remember pathogens so that body can fight exposure more swiftly

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19
Q

T regulatory cells

A

limit and prevent autoimmune responses

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20
Q

B plasma cells

A

produce antibodies (seek out foreign antigens to destroy)

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21
Q

B memory cells

A

remember pathogens so the body can fight off exposure more swiftly.

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22
Q

macrophages

A

to eat bacteria, debris, and dead neutrophils

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23
Q

dendritic cells

A

stand guard at epidermis to alert body of pathogens entering through the skin.

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24
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
  • lymphocytes scattered throughout the lining tracts of mucous membranes
  • body’s body guard
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25
Q

peyer’s patches

A
  • loc: distal end of small intestine, just before opening of large intestine
  • nodules that fight any bacteria moving into sm.intest from lrg.intest
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26
Q

lymph nodes

A

filters located along lymph vessels

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27
Q

what are the tree types of tonsils?

A
  • 1 pharyngeal
  • 2 palatine
  • many lingual
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28
Q

pulp functions of the spleen

A
  • red pulp: reservoir for RBCs and destroys old RBCs
  • white pulp: reservoir for lymphocytes and macrophages and battle site b/w lymphcells and pathogens
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29
Q

more spleen functions

A
  • regulate blood volume (transfers excess fluid in blood –> lymph system as lymph).
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30
Q

nonspecific defense

A

work to fight off pathogens w.out prior exposure

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31
Q

specific immunity

A

fight pathogens that the body has been exposed to prior

32
Q

what are the two lines of nonspecific defense?

A
  1. external barriers
  2. inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever, etc.
33
Q

what are some examples of external barriers?

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
34
Q

how does inflammation defend the body?

A
  • limit spread of pathogens
  • remove debris and damaged tissue
  • initiate tissue repair
35
Q

what are two types of antimicrobial proteins?

A
  • interferons
  • complement system
36
Q

interferons

A
  • encourage surrounding healthy cells to make antiviral proteins
  • activate macrophages and NK cells to fight cancer cells
37
Q

complement system

A
  • 20 inactive proteins
  • can increase inflammation, cytolysis, or opsonization
38
Q

cytolysis

A

break pathogen apart

39
Q

opsonization

A

mark a pathogenic cell to make it easier for macrophages to phagocytize it

40
Q

APC process of presenting an antigen

A
  1. phagocytosis of antigen
  2. lysosome fuses w. vesicle containing the antigen
  3. enzymes from lysosome and the antigen mix
  4. enzymes break down the antigen
  5. antigen residue is exocytosed
  6. antigen fragment (epitope) is displayed on an MHC protein
41
Q

humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

A

uses B cells making antibodies to attack a foreign antigen

42
Q

humoral immunity process

A
  1. The B cell displays a foreign epitope on the MHC protein
  2. T helper cell recognizes the epitope as foreign, binds B cell and secretes interleukin-2.
  3. interleukin-2 stimulates the B cell to clone itself
  4. cloned B cells differentiate to become plasma B cells and memory B cells
  5. plasma B cells release antibodies specific to the antigen for attack.
43
Q

cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

A
  1. antigen recognization
  2. costimulation
  3. cloning and differentiation
  4. lethal hit
44
Q

the four terms of acquired immunity

A
  • passive
  • active
  • natural
  • artificial
45
Q

why are T helper cells so important?

A
46
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • fluid balance
  • lipid absorption
  • defense against diseases
  • provide immunity
47
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A
48
Q

non-hodgkin lymphoma

A
49
Q

multiple myeloma

A

cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow

50
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

51
Q

allergies

A

hypersensitivties to a foreign antigen

52
Q

molecular mimicry

A

one molecule is so similar in structure to another molecule
* one is mistaken for the other

53
Q

AIDS

A
  • acquired immune deficiency syndrome
54
Q

the germinal center in the lymph nodes ______.

A

is the site used for cloning lymphocytes within the lymph nodes

55
Q

Two white blood cells that function to aid lymph nodes in protecting the body are _____ and _____.

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

56
Q

lymph is carried away from a lymph node through an ______ lymphatic vessel.

A

efferent

57
Q

germinal center

A

the site for cloning lymphocytes in the lymph nodes when infection is present

58
Q

lymph is carried to a lymph node through an _____ lymphatic vessel

A

afferent

59
Q

the skin has a(n) _____ _____, responsible for the skin’s low pH which makes it inhospitable for bacteria and other pathogens

A

acid mantle

60
Q

artificial active immunity

A

exposure to non-threatening antigens in a vaccination that promote an immune response, and production of protective antibodies

61
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

an injection of antibodies or antitoxins that protects from an infectious agent

62
Q

natural active immunity

A

exposure to the infectious agent; immune system creates antibodies against it

63
Q

natural passive immunity

A

an infant receives antibodies from the mother’s breast milk that protect against the infectious agent

64
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation of air into lungs

65
Q

expiration

A

expel air out of lung

66
Q

tidal volume

A
  • TV
  • amount of air moved in a normal breath (in or exp) at rest
  • 500 mL
67
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • IRV
  • amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond inspired normal breath at rest
  • 3,000 mL
68
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A
  • ERV
  • amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond expired normal breath at rest
  • 1,100 mL
69
Q

functional residual capacity

A
  • FRC
  • amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration
  • FRC = ERV + RV
  • 2,300 mL
70
Q

inspiratory capacity

A
  • IC
  • max amount of air that can be inspired after expiration normal breath at rest
  • 3,500 mL
71
Q

vital capacity

A
  • max amount of air that can be moved
  • VC = IC + FRC
  • 4,600 mL
72
Q

total lung capacity

A
  • TLC
  • max amount of air the lung can hold
  • TLC = VC + RV
  • 5,800 mL
73
Q

croup

A

loud, seal-like barking cough and difficulty breathing

74
Q

emphysema

A

constant inflammation from irritants narrow bronchioles, reducing airflow to the lungs

75
Q

ARDS

A
  • acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • lack of oxygen in blood
76
Q

respiratory functions

A
  • acid-base balance
  • speech
  • gas exchange
  • creation of pressure gradients
77
Q
A

SC.SM-- AP & MT (11 decks)

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