lymphatic system & respiratory system Flashcards
pathogen
a disease causing organism
substance creating a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction
pertaining to lymph
lymphatic
spleen
vascular, lymphatic organ in LUG of abdomen
the respiratory system involves…
nose –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi and bronchioles –> alveoli
what is respiration?
what are the functions of the respiratory system?
- exchange of gases
- ## reguilation of pH
pulmon-
R: lung
spir-
R: to breathe
what are the functions of the nose?
- passageway for air
- cleans, lubricates, and warms air
- olfaction (smell)
immun/o-
protection
lymph is a fluid derived from…
plasma
B lymphocytes
- migrate from red bone marrow –> lymphoid tissues
- samples its environment and posts what it finds
- two types
NK cells
- natural killer cells
- non-specific defense
- destroy, fight, and attack pathogens
T lymphocytes
- migrate from red bone marrow –> thymus (where they mature)
- four types
T helper cells
- recognize foreign pathogens
- activate cells to fight them
T cytotoxic cells
directly kill cells infected by viruses and cancer cells in specific immunity
T memory cells
remember pathogens so that body can fight exposure more swiftly
T regulatory cells
limit and prevent autoimmune responses
B plasma cells
produce antibodies (seek out foreign antigens to destroy)
B memory cells
remember pathogens so the body can fight off exposure more swiftly.
macrophages
to eat bacteria, debris, and dead neutrophils
dendritic cells
stand guard at epidermis to alert body of pathogens entering through the skin.
MALT
- mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
- lymphocytes scattered throughout the lining tracts of mucous membranes
- body’s body guard
peyer’s patches
- loc: distal end of small intestine, just before opening of large intestine
- nodules that fight any bacteria moving into sm.intest from lrg.intest
lymph nodes
filters located along lymph vessels
what are the tree types of tonsils?
- 1 pharyngeal
- 2 palatine
- many lingual
pulp functions of the spleen
- red pulp: reservoir for RBCs and destroys old RBCs
- white pulp: reservoir for lymphocytes and macrophages and battle site b/w lymphcells and pathogens
more spleen functions
- regulate blood volume (transfers excess fluid in blood –> lymph system as lymph).
nonspecific defense
work to fight off pathogens w.out prior exposure
specific immunity
fight pathogens that the body has been exposed to prior
what are the two lines of nonspecific defense?
- external barriers
- inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever, etc.
what are some examples of external barriers?
- skin
- mucous membranes
how does inflammation defend the body?
- limit spread of pathogens
- remove debris and damaged tissue
- initiate tissue repair
what are two types of antimicrobial proteins?
- interferons
- complement system
interferons
- encourage surrounding healthy cells to make antiviral proteins
- activate macrophages and NK cells to fight cancer cells
complement system
- 20 inactive proteins
- can increase inflammation, cytolysis, or opsonization
cytolysis
break pathogen apart
opsonization
mark a pathogenic cell to make it easier for macrophages to phagocytize it
APC process of presenting an antigen
- phagocytosis of antigen
- lysosome fuses w. vesicle containing the antigen
- enzymes from lysosome and the antigen mix
- enzymes break down the antigen
- antigen residue is exocytosed
- antigen fragment (epitope) is displayed on an MHC protein
humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
uses B cells making antibodies to attack a foreign antigen
humoral immunity process
- The B cell displays a foreign epitope on the MHC protein
- T helper cell recognizes the epitope as foreign, binds B cell and secretes interleukin-2.
- interleukin-2 stimulates the B cell to clone itself
- cloned B cells differentiate to become plasma B cells and memory B cells
- plasma B cells release antibodies specific to the antigen for attack.
cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
- antigen recognization
- costimulation
- cloning and differentiation
- lethal hit
the four terms of acquired immunity
- passive
- active
- natural
- artificial
why are T helper cells so important?
functions of the lymphatic system
- fluid balance
- lipid absorption
- defense against diseases
- provide immunity
hodgkin lymphoma
non-hodgkin lymphoma
multiple myeloma
cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
allergies
hypersensitivties to a foreign antigen
molecular mimicry
one molecule is so similar in structure to another molecule
* one is mistaken for the other
AIDS
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome
the germinal center in the lymph nodes ______.
is the site used for cloning lymphocytes within the lymph nodes
Two white blood cells that function to aid lymph nodes in protecting the body are _____ and _____.
macrophages and lymphocytes
lymph is carried away from a lymph node through an ______ lymphatic vessel.
efferent
germinal center
the site for cloning lymphocytes in the lymph nodes when infection is present
lymph is carried to a lymph node through an _____ lymphatic vessel
afferent
the skin has a(n) _____ _____, responsible for the skin’s low pH which makes it inhospitable for bacteria and other pathogens
acid mantle
artificial active immunity
exposure to non-threatening antigens in a vaccination that promote an immune response, and production of protective antibodies
artificial passive immunity
an injection of antibodies or antitoxins that protects from an infectious agent
natural active immunity
exposure to the infectious agent; immune system creates antibodies against it
natural passive immunity
an infant receives antibodies from the mother’s breast milk that protect against the infectious agent
inspiration
inhalation of air into lungs
expiration
expel air out of lung
tidal volume
- TV
- amount of air moved in a normal breath (in or exp) at rest
- 500 mL
inspiratory reserve volume
- IRV
- amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond inspired normal breath at rest
- 3,000 mL
expiratory reserve volume
- ERV
- amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond expired normal breath at rest
- 1,100 mL
functional residual capacity
- FRC
- amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration
- FRC = ERV + RV
- 2,300 mL
inspiratory capacity
- IC
- max amount of air that can be inspired after expiration normal breath at rest
- 3,500 mL
vital capacity
- max amount of air that can be moved
- VC = IC + FRC
- 4,600 mL
total lung capacity
- TLC
- max amount of air the lung can hold
- TLC = VC + RV
- 5,800 mL
croup
loud, seal-like barking cough and difficulty breathing
emphysema
constant inflammation from irritants narrow bronchioles, reducing airflow to the lungs
ARDS
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- lack of oxygen in blood
respiratory functions
- acid-base balance
- speech
- gas exchange
- creation of pressure gradients
