female reproductive system Flashcards
amni/o-
R/CF: amnion
chorion/o-
R/CF: chorion
episi/o-
R/CF: vulva
gynec/o-
R/CF: female
hyster/o-
R/CF: uterus
mast/o-
breast
men/o-
R/CF: menses, menstruation
metr/o-
R/CF: uterus
metri/o-
R/CF: uterus
o/o-
R/CF: egg
oophor/o-
ovary
ov/o-
R/CF: egg
ovul/o-
egg
salping/o-
R/CF: uterine tube
vulv/o-
R/CF: vulva
what sex chromosomes make up a female zygote?
XX
loc & struct: ovaries
small, oval organs (3 cm L, 1.5 cm W, 1 cm thick) suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments.
what us the capsule that surrounds the ovaries?
tunica albuginea
what are the secondary female reproductive anatomy?
internal:
- uterus
- uterine tubes
- vagina
external:
- vulva
- perineum
- breasts
struct: uterus
- pear shaped, hollow organ tipped over bladder
- three layers
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
uterus- perimetrium
- outermost layer
- a.k.a visceral peritoneum
uterus- myometrium
- thickest layer
- smooth muscle: contracts to expel uterine contents
- shed each month or the fetus at birth.
uterus- endometrium
- lining of uterus
- two sublayers:
- stratum functionalis (superfic. 2/3)
- stratum basalis (deep 1/3)
uterus- endometrium (stratum basalis)
generate new stratum functionalis each mo.
what are other names for the uterine tubes?
fallopian tube or oviduct
uterine tube- infundibulum
- flared end of of uterine tube
- has fimbriae (finger-like projections)
uterine tube- infundibulum (fimbriae)
coax a released egg from the ovary into the uterine tube
fx: vagina
- allows for flow of menses (period)
- vessel for semen
- rugae to increase surace area for ext.
- birth canal (accomodate birth of a bby)
hymen
- fragile membrane
- purp: allow for discharge of the menses
the vaginal lining of pre-puberty is composed of..
simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
the vaginal lining during puberty process…
- estrogen causes metaplasia
- vaginal lining becomes stratified squamous epithelial tissue
- accom. intercourse
- epithelial cells contain glycogen to prod. lactic acid
lactic acid
lowers pH of the vagina
- low pH discourages growth of harmful microorganisms
what structures make up the vulva?
- mons pubis
- labia
- clitoris
- vestibular bulbs/glands
what are the female secondary sex characteristics?
- breast dev
- dev. of axillary & pubic hair
- widening of pelvis
- fat deposition
- menstruation
what is the minimum fat percentage an adult woman needs to sustain a pregnancy?
22%
what body fat percentage should a woman have to begin menstruation?
17%; typical age is 12
ovulation
release of an egg from an ovary
T/F:
women continue to produce gametes for the rest of their life.
False:
- all gametes are produce by the time she is born
oogenesis
egg production
- one viable ovum per oogonium (germ cell)
oogonia
what are the fx of a follicle during oogenesis?
- provide nutrients, remove wastes, protect from woman’s immune system
two parts of the female reproductive cycle?
- ovarian cycle: affects follicles & oocytes in ovary
- menstrual cycle: menstruation
the four stages of the female sexual response?
- arousal
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
menopause
diagnosed: when a woman has not menstruated for a a year & not pregnant
colposcopy
a lighted colposcope used to visualize vagina and cervix
pap smear
detect abnormal cells in the cervix lining
pregnancy test
- detects human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in pregnant women
breast cancer
abnormal growth of breast tissue
(usually in lactiferous ducts and lobules of breast)
risk factors for breast cancer
- age
- family/personal history
- genetic mutations “applied genetics”
- reproductive/menstrual history
- lifestyle choices
fibroid
- noncancerous growth
- comp: muscle & fibrous tissue
- found: in uterus, in endometrium, out of uterus
endometriosis
- growth of endometrium in places other than uterus
STI
sexually transmitted infections
PID
peplvic inflammatory disease
what are the four basic req. of pregnancy?
- must be a sperm & egg
- sperm must meet egg
- sperm must fertilize egg
- fertilized egg must implant in uterus
in order for an egg to survive, it must be fertilized…
within 24 hours of ovulation
what is the complete journey for a mature sperm?
epididymis –> ductus deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> vagina –> uterus –> uterine tube (isthmus, ampulla)
capacitation
Process where acids and other fluids of the vagina break down cholesterol in the sperm cell membrane and stimulate the sperm to swim faster
what are the effects pregnancy has on a woman’s body?
- cardiac output ↑ 30% bc of ↑ bl.vol.
- possible hemorrhoids or varicose v.
- kidneys prod. more urine
- frequent micturition
- respiratory ventilation ↑ 50%.
- stretch marks, ↑ melanin prod.
- ↑ thyroid secretion raises basal metabolic rate by 15%
nutritional req. for a pregnancy
- folic acid
- calcium
- protein
- iron
parturition
- 10 cm dilation
- baby is expelled
- placenta detaches from uterus & is expelled
miscarriage
__% of all zygotes are lost before delivery.
50%
of zygotes that do implant ___ will end in a spontaneous abortion.
10% - 15%
ectopic pregnancy
fertilized egg implants anywhere other than the uterus
fx: female reproductive system
- birth & lactation
- production of an egg
- production of female sex hormones
- housing of fetus
what are three different parts of the uterus?
- fundus (sup)
- body (med.)
- cervix (inf.)
the area of female external genitalia enclosed by the labia is the ______
vestibule
events in follicular phase
- anterior pituitary secretes FSH
- FSH targets the primordial follicle in. the ovary
- primordial follicle develops and secretes estrogen
- estrogen levels peak just before day 14
oocytes features
- primary oocytes remain dormant in mid-meiosis I until adolescence
- oogenia undergo mitosis before birth, but not after
events of the female reproductive system after ovulation
- the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
- estrogen and progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH & LH
- if no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates
- estrogen & progesterone levels decrease.
- the endometrium disintegrates, menstruation occurs
atresia
process of eggs dengenerating
female sexual cycle that result in ovulation
- the anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH & LH
- FSH stims maturation of a follicle
- follicular cells secrete estrogens, the endometrium thickens
- the anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH
fx: placenta
- produce hormones
- attach to embryo to uterine wall
- exchange gases & nutrients b/w the maternal & embryonic blood
cleavage
the phase of early, rapid cell division after fertilization
what usually occurs about seven days after fertilization?
implantation
implantation
attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall
When is a conceptus referred to as an embryo?
vestibule contains…
urinary and vaginal openings
vestibule
area enclosed by the labia minora;
contains urinary and vaginal openings
ovarian hormones– estrogen
- regulate menstrual cycle
-involved in pregnancy - puberty changes
thelarche
onset of breast development
pubarche
development of axillary and pubic hair
menarche
first menstrual period
ovarian hormones– progesterone
- prod. by corpus luteum & adrenal glands
fx:
- prepare endometrium for egg implantation
- inhibit lactation during pregnancy
- prod. menstrual bleeding
-arch
S: beginning
-ate
S: composed of
-er-
S: agent, one who does
thel-
R: breast. nipple
ovarian cysts
- fluid-filled sacs that form during ovulation
- benign unless they bleed/rupture/twisted
what is a common cause of infertility?
residual scarring of the uterine tube from salpingitis.
primary amenorrhea
when a girl has not menstruated by 16
what are some causes of primary annorrhea?
- drastic weight loss
- extreme exercise, obesity
- chronic illness
secondary amenorrhea
when a women misses three or more periods in a row although she has a normal cycle.
what are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?
- ovarian disorders
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
- excessive weight loss
- low body fat percentage
- excessive exercise
- drugs (e.g. antidepressants)
primary dysmenorrhea
or PMS, is the pain assoc. w. menstruation
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
secondary dysmenorrhea is pain assoc. w.
disorders: infection in the genital tract or endometriosis
Most women stop menstruating at what age?
Between 45 and 55
dyspareunia
pain during sexual intercourse
salpingitis
inflammation of uterine tube
-dynia
S: pain
vulvodynia
chronic vulvar pain
-cele
S: hernia
-vers-
R: turn
lei/o
R/CF: smooth
leiomyoma
aka fibroid
- benign neoplasm derived fr. smooth muscle
menorrhagia
excessive menstrual bleeding
metrorrhagia
irregular uterine bleedingb/w menses
polymenorrhea
more than normal frequent menses
restroversion
tipping backward of uterus
diaphragms (cervical cups)
latex or rubber dome
- inserted into vagina and palced over cervix
IUD
intrauterine device
ParaGard (copper type)
- impairs sperm’s ability to move; making it diff. for sperm to reach egg
- left in for 5-10 years
Hormonal IUDs
- release progestin (thickens cervical mucus) making it diff for sperm to enter uterus and fertilize egg
- left in for 3-5 years
oral contraceptives
- synthetic forms: progestin & ethinyl estradiol
fx:
1. prevent ovulation
2. thicken cervical mucus
3. make implantation more difficult - taken every 3 wks every mo.
tubal ligation
tubes tied
mifepristone
- RU486
- taken with a prostaglandin
- induces a miscarriage
myomectomy
surgical removal of a fibroid
pessary
Greek: oval stone
primigravida
a women in her first pregnancy
puerperium
6 weeks postpartum
neonatal time period
birth –> 1 mo.
preeclampsia
sudden, abnormal increase in maternal BP after 20th wk of pregnancy
GDM
- gestational diabetes mellitus
- insulin production decreases, which leads to hyperglycemia
hyperemesis
excessive vomitting
oligohydramnios
too little amniotic fluid
polyhydramnios
too much amniotic fluid
gynecomastia
enlargement of the breast
causes of uterine retroversion
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- pelvic adhesions
- lax pelvic muscles
what are the signs of eclampsia?
- edema of the face
- seizure
- proteinuria
a mother with gestational diabetes mellitus can have a neonate at risk for:
- hypoglycemia
- perinatal mortality
- birth trauma
