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SC.SM-- AP & MT > female reproductive system > Flashcards

female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

amni/o-

A

R/CF: amnion

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2
Q

chorion/o-

A

R/CF: chorion

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3
Q

episi/o-

A

R/CF: vulva

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4
Q

gynec/o-

A

R/CF: female

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5
Q

hyster/o-

A

R/CF: uterus

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6
Q

mast/o-

A

breast

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7
Q

men/o-

A

R/CF: menses, menstruation

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8
Q

metr/o-

A

R/CF: uterus

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9
Q

metri/o-

A

R/CF: uterus

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10
Q

o/o-

A

R/CF: egg

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11
Q

oophor/o-

A

ovary

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12
Q

ov/o-

A

R/CF: egg

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13
Q

ovul/o-

A

egg

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14
Q

salping/o-

A

R/CF: uterine tube

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15
Q

vulv/o-

A

R/CF: vulva

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16
Q

what sex chromosomes make up a female zygote?

A

XX

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17
Q

loc & struct: ovaries

A

small, oval organs (3 cm L, 1.5 cm W, 1 cm thick) suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments.

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18
Q

what us the capsule that surrounds the ovaries?

A

tunica albuginea

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19
Q

what are the secondary female reproductive anatomy?

A

internal:
- uterus
- uterine tubes
- vagina

external:
- vulva
- perineum
- breasts

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20
Q

struct: uterus

A
  • pear shaped, hollow organ tipped over bladder
  • three layers
    • perimetrium
    • myometrium
    • endometrium
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21
Q

uterus- perimetrium

A
  • outermost layer
  • a.k.a visceral peritoneum
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22
Q

uterus- myometrium

A
  • thickest layer
  • smooth muscle: contracts to expel uterine contents
  • shed each month or the fetus at birth.
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23
Q

uterus- endometrium

A
  • lining of uterus
  • two sublayers:
    • stratum functionalis (superfic. 2/3)
    • stratum basalis (deep 1/3)
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24
Q

uterus- endometrium (stratum basalis)

A

generate new stratum functionalis each mo.

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25
Q

what are other names for the uterine tubes?

A

fallopian tube or oviduct

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26
Q

uterine tube- infundibulum

A
  • flared end of of uterine tube
  • has fimbriae (finger-like projections)
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27
Q

uterine tube- infundibulum (fimbriae)

A

coax a released egg from the ovary into the uterine tube

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28
Q

fx: vagina

A
  • allows for flow of menses (period)
  • vessel for semen
    • rugae to increase surace area for ext.
  • birth canal (accomodate birth of a bby)
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29
Q

hymen

A
  • fragile membrane
  • purp: allow for discharge of the menses
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30
Q

the vaginal lining of pre-puberty is composed of..

A

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

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31
Q

the vaginal lining during puberty process…

A
  • estrogen causes metaplasia
  • vaginal lining becomes stratified squamous epithelial tissue
    • accom. intercourse
    • epithelial cells contain glycogen to prod. lactic acid
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32
Q

lactic acid

A

lowers pH of the vagina
- low pH discourages growth of harmful microorganisms

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33
Q

what structures make up the vulva?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia
  • clitoris
  • vestibular bulbs/glands
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34
Q

what are the female secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • breast dev
  • dev. of axillary & pubic hair
  • widening of pelvis
  • fat deposition
  • menstruation
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35
Q

what is the minimum fat percentage an adult woman needs to sustain a pregnancy?

A

22%

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36
Q

what body fat percentage should a woman have to begin menstruation?

A

17%; typical age is 12

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37
Q

ovulation

A

release of an egg from an ovary

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38
Q

T/F:
women continue to produce gametes for the rest of their life.

A

False:
- all gametes are produce by the time she is born

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39
Q

oogenesis

A

egg production
- one viable ovum per oogonium (germ cell)

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40
Q

oogonia

A
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41
Q

what are the fx of a follicle during oogenesis?

A
  • provide nutrients, remove wastes, protect from woman’s immune system
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42
Q

two parts of the female reproductive cycle?

A
  • ovarian cycle: affects follicles & oocytes in ovary
  • menstrual cycle: menstruation
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43
Q

the four stages of the female sexual response?

A
  • arousal
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
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44
Q

menopause

A

diagnosed: when a woman has not menstruated for a a year & not pregnant

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45
Q

colposcopy

A

a lighted colposcope used to visualize vagina and cervix

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46
Q

pap smear

A

detect abnormal cells in the cervix lining

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47
Q

pregnancy test

A
  • detects human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in pregnant women
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48
Q

breast cancer

A

abnormal growth of breast tissue
(usually in lactiferous ducts and lobules of breast)

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49
Q

risk factors for breast cancer

A
  • age
  • family/personal history
  • genetic mutations “applied genetics”
  • reproductive/menstrual history
  • lifestyle choices
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50
Q

fibroid

A
  • noncancerous growth
  • comp: muscle & fibrous tissue
  • found: in uterus, in endometrium, out of uterus
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51
Q

endometriosis

A
  • growth of endometrium in places other than uterus
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52
Q

STI

A

sexually transmitted infections

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53
Q

PID

A

peplvic inflammatory disease

54
Q

what are the four basic req. of pregnancy?

A
  1. must be a sperm & egg
  2. sperm must meet egg
  3. sperm must fertilize egg
  4. fertilized egg must implant in uterus
55
Q

in order for an egg to survive, it must be fertilized…

A

within 24 hours of ovulation

56
Q

what is the complete journey for a mature sperm?

A

epididymis –> ductus deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> vagina –> uterus –> uterine tube (isthmus, ampulla)

57
Q

capacitation

A

Process where acids and other fluids of the vagina break down cholesterol in the sperm cell membrane and stimulate the sperm to swim faster

58
Q

what are the effects pregnancy has on a woman’s body?

A
  • cardiac output ↑ 30% bc of ↑ bl.vol.
  • possible hemorrhoids or varicose v.
  • kidneys prod. more urine
  • frequent micturition
  • respiratory ventilation ↑ 50%.
  • stretch marks, ↑ melanin prod.
  • ↑ thyroid secretion raises basal metabolic rate by 15%
59
Q

nutritional req. for a pregnancy

A
  • folic acid
  • calcium
  • protein
  • iron
60
Q

parturition

A
  1. 10 cm dilation
  2. baby is expelled
  3. placenta detaches from uterus & is expelled
61
Q

miscarriage

A
62
Q

__% of all zygotes are lost before delivery.

A

50%

63
Q

of zygotes that do implant ___ will end in a spontaneous abortion.

A

10% - 15%

64
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

fertilized egg implants anywhere other than the uterus

65
Q

fx: female reproductive system

A
  • birth & lactation
  • production of an egg
  • production of female sex hormones
  • housing of fetus
66
Q

what are three different parts of the uterus?

A
  • fundus (sup)
  • body (med.)
  • cervix (inf.)
67
Q

the area of female external genitalia enclosed by the labia is the ______

A

vestibule

68
Q

events in follicular phase

A
  1. anterior pituitary secretes FSH
  2. FSH targets the primordial follicle in. the ovary
  3. primordial follicle develops and secretes estrogen
  4. estrogen levels peak just before day 14
69
Q

oocytes features

A
  • primary oocytes remain dormant in mid-meiosis I until adolescence
  • oogenia undergo mitosis before birth, but not after
70
Q

events of the female reproductive system after ovulation

A
  1. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
  2. estrogen and progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH & LH
  3. if no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates
  4. estrogen & progesterone levels decrease.
  5. the endometrium disintegrates, menstruation occurs
71
Q

atresia

A

process of eggs dengenerating

72
Q

female sexual cycle that result in ovulation

A
  1. the anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH & LH
  2. FSH stims maturation of a follicle
  3. follicular cells secrete estrogens, the endometrium thickens
  4. the anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH
73
Q

fx: placenta

A
  • produce hormones
  • attach to embryo to uterine wall
  • exchange gases & nutrients b/w the maternal & embryonic blood
74
Q

cleavage

A

the phase of early, rapid cell division after fertilization

75
Q

what usually occurs about seven days after fertilization?

A

implantation

76
Q

implantation

A

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall

77
Q

When is a conceptus referred to as an embryo?

A
78
Q

vestibule contains…

A

urinary and vaginal openings

79
Q

vestibule

A

area enclosed by the labia minora;
contains urinary and vaginal openings

80
Q

ovarian hormones– estrogen

A
  • regulate menstrual cycle
    -involved in pregnancy
  • puberty changes
81
Q

thelarche

A

onset of breast development

82
Q

pubarche

A

development of axillary and pubic hair

83
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period

84
Q

ovarian hormones– progesterone

A
  • prod. by corpus luteum & adrenal glands

fx:
- prepare endometrium for egg implantation
- inhibit lactation during pregnancy
- prod. menstrual bleeding

85
Q

-arch

A

S: beginning

86
Q

-ate

A

S: composed of

87
Q

-er-

A

S: agent, one who does

88
Q

thel-

A

R: breast. nipple

89
Q

ovarian cysts

A
  • fluid-filled sacs that form during ovulation
  • benign unless they bleed/rupture/twisted
90
Q

what is a common cause of infertility?

A

residual scarring of the uterine tube from salpingitis.

91
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

when a girl has not menstruated by 16

92
Q

what are some causes of primary annorrhea?

A
  • drastic weight loss
  • extreme exercise, obesity
  • chronic illness
93
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

when a women misses three or more periods in a row although she has a normal cycle.

94
Q

what are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?

A
  • ovarian disorders
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • excessive weight loss
  • low body fat percentage
  • excessive exercise
  • drugs (e.g. antidepressants)
95
Q

primary dysmenorrhea

A

or PMS, is the pain assoc. w. menstruation

96
Q

PMS

A

premenstrual syndrome

97
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea is pain assoc. w.

A

disorders: infection in the genital tract or endometriosis

98
Q

Most women stop menstruating at what age?

A

Between 45 and 55

99
Q

dyspareunia

A

pain during sexual intercourse

100
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of uterine tube

101
Q

-dynia

A

S: pain

102
Q

vulvodynia

A

chronic vulvar pain

103
Q

-cele

A

S: hernia

104
Q

-vers-

A

R: turn

105
Q

lei/o

A

R/CF: smooth

106
Q

leiomyoma

A

aka fibroid
- benign neoplasm derived fr. smooth muscle

107
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive menstrual bleeding

108
Q

metrorrhagia

A

irregular uterine bleedingb/w menses

109
Q

polymenorrhea

A

more than normal frequent menses

110
Q

restroversion

A

tipping backward of uterus

111
Q

diaphragms (cervical cups)

A

latex or rubber dome
- inserted into vagina and palced over cervix

112
Q

IUD

A

intrauterine device

113
Q

ParaGard (copper type)

A
  • impairs sperm’s ability to move; making it diff. for sperm to reach egg
  • left in for 5-10 years
114
Q

Hormonal IUDs

A
  • release progestin (thickens cervical mucus) making it diff for sperm to enter uterus and fertilize egg
  • left in for 3-5 years
115
Q

oral contraceptives

A
  • synthetic forms: progestin & ethinyl estradiol
    fx:
    1. prevent ovulation
    2. thicken cervical mucus
    3. make implantation more difficult
  • taken every 3 wks every mo.
116
Q

tubal ligation

A

tubes tied

117
Q

mifepristone

A
  • RU486
  • taken with a prostaglandin
  • induces a miscarriage
118
Q

myomectomy

A

surgical removal of a fibroid

119
Q

pessary

A

Greek: oval stone

120
Q

primigravida

A

a women in her first pregnancy

121
Q

puerperium

A

6 weeks postpartum

122
Q

neonatal time period

A

birth –> 1 mo.

123
Q

preeclampsia

A

sudden, abnormal increase in maternal BP after 20th wk of pregnancy

124
Q

GDM

A
  • gestational diabetes mellitus
  • insulin production decreases, which leads to hyperglycemia
125
Q

hyperemesis

A

excessive vomitting

126
Q

oligohydramnios

A

too little amniotic fluid

127
Q

polyhydramnios

A

too much amniotic fluid

128
Q

gynecomastia

A

enlargement of the breast

129
Q

causes of uterine retroversion

A
  • pelvic inflammatory disease
  • pelvic adhesions
  • lax pelvic muscles
130
Q

what are the signs of eclampsia?

A
  • edema of the face
  • seizure
  • proteinuria
131
Q

a mother with gestational diabetes mellitus can have a neonate at risk for:

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • perinatal mortality
  • birth trauma
132
Q
A

SC.SM-- AP & MT (13 decks)

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