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SC.SM-- AP & MT > wk 1: the basics and levels of organization > Flashcards

wk 1: the basics and levels of organization Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of body structures

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the structures of the body functions

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3
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

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4
Q

what is ‘standard anatomical position?’

A

standing, palms forward, feet are close together (shoulder-width)

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5
Q

what are alternative names for superior/inferior?

A
  • superior: cephalad
  • inferior: caudal or caudad
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6
Q

what are alternative names for anterior/ posterior?

A
  • anterior: ventral
  • posterior: dorsal
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7
Q

name the five main regions of the axial region.

A
  • cranial cavity
  • vertebral cavity
  • thoracic region
  • abdominal region
  • pelvic region
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8
Q

name the regions of the upper limbs from proximal to distal.

A
  • brachial region
  • cubital region
  • antebrachial region
  • carpal region
  • palmar region
  • digital region
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9
Q

name the regions of the lower limbs from proximal to distal.

A
  • femoral region
  • patellar region (front of knee)
  • popliteal region (back of knee)
  • crural region (front of lower leg)
  • sural region (back of lower leg)
  • tarsal region (ankle)
  • metatarsus region
  • digital region
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10
Q

what are the three main anatomical planes?

A
  • frontal (coronal) plane
  • transverse plane
  • sagittal plane
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11
Q

the frontal/coronal plane…

A

separates anterior from posterior

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12
Q

the transverse plane…

A

separates superior from inferior

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13
Q

MRI techs use _____ interchangeably with the transverse plane.

A

axial or horizontal plane

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14
Q

the sagittal plane…

A

separates right from left

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15
Q

what are serous membranes?

A

a 2-layer structure that anchors the organ within its specific cavity?

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16
Q

membranes of the pericardium?

A
  • visceral layer: directly surrounds heart
  • parietal layer: pericardial lining
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17
Q

membranes of the pleura?

A
  • visceral layer: directly surrounds lungs
  • parietal layer: lines the inner surface of rib cage
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18
Q

membranes of peritoneum?

A
  • visceral layer: surrounds the outside digestive/abdominal organs
  • parietal layer: lines inner surface of rectus sheath/transverse abdominis
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19
Q

which cavities do the meninges cover?

A

the cranial and vertebral cavities

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20
Q

T/F: meninges are considered membranes.

A

true

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21
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the body’s way of maintaining a steady internal environment.

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22
Q

how does the body maintain homeostasis?

A
  • negative feedback: reverses change
  • positive feedback: amplifies change until it returns to homeostasis
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23
Q

define disease.

A

when organs/organ systems malfunction (a disruption in homeostasis)

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24
Q

predisposing (risk) factors: modifiable

A
  • lifestyle (diet, etc)
  • environment
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25
Q

predisposing (risk) factors: nonmodifiable

A
  • age
  • gender
  • hereditary (family history)
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26
Q

what is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A
  • signs can be measured (temperature, bp)
  • symptoms cannot be measured (pain level, vertigo)
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27
Q

what are the classifications of diseases?

A
  • infectious
  • neoplastic
  • immune disorders
  • genetic
  • mental
  • trauma
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28
Q

what is the difference between communicable and noncommunicable?

A
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29
Q

what are some examples of infectious diseases?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • parasites & protoza
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30
Q

immune disorders: hypersensitivity

A
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31
Q

immune disorders: autoimmune

A
32
Q

immune disorders: immunodeficiency

A
33
Q

what is a prognosis?

A

predicted patient outcome

34
Q

what is palliative treatment?

A

end of life care

35
Q

what is curative treatment?

A
36
Q

what is therapeutic treatment?

A
37
Q

what is preventative treatment?

A
38
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

the study of population health

39
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases

40
Q

name the levels of organization from smallest to largest

A

chemical –> atomss –> molecules –> organelles –> tissues –> organ –> organ systems –> organism

40
Q

prevalence

A

number of existing cases

41
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons per element

42
Q

atomic mass

A

total number of protons and electrons per element

43
Q

ionic bonds

A

electrons either give or receive electrons to fill their outer shells

44
Q

covalent bonds

A

electrons share electrons to fill their outer shells

45
Q

what are the organic molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
46
Q

what are proteins composed of? what is their function?

A

made of amino acids; provide structure, create enzymes, and transport other molecules

47
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of? what is their function?

A

made of monosaccharides/simple sugars (glucose, fructose); fuel for proteins to do their jobs

48
Q

what are nucleic acids composed of? what is their function?

A

DNA, RNA; provide instructions on how to make a protein

49
Q

what are lipids composed of? what is their function?

A
  • phospholipids (in cell membrane) act as a barrier to support and separate
  • steroids (hormones)
  • triglycerides: store energy
50
Q

hypertonic solutions

A
51
Q

hypotonic solutions

A
52
Q

what does the pH scale measure?

A

it measures the strength or weakness of acids and bases

53
Q

acids are molecules that…

A

release H+ ions into water (increasing)

54
Q

bases are molecules that…

A

absorb H+ ions in water (decreasing)

55
Q

fx: nucleus

A
  • ctrl ctr of the cell
  • houses DNA
56
Q

fx: mitochondria

A

creates ATP (form of energy DIRECTLY usable for proteins)

57
Q

fx: ribosomes

A
  • assemble amino acids into proteins
58
Q

fx: golgi complex

A

packages proteins for their final destination

59
Q

smooth ER

A

site of lipid synthesis

60
Q

rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis

61
Q

fx: lysosome

A

trashcan of the cell

62
Q

fx: cell membrane

A

bodyguard of the cell; regulates what enters/exits the cell

63
Q

what are the four types of passive transport?

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • filtration
  • osmosis
64
Q

simple diffusion

A

substances travel from an area of high to low concentration

65
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

substances are able to travel through cell membrane with the help of a protein channel

66
Q

filtration

A

solid particles are removed from a fluid through a filter

67
Q

osmosis

A

low solute solution –> high solute solution;
water (solution) is added to a low solute solution

68
Q

what is a form of active transport?

A

bulk transport

69
Q

what are the two types of bulk transport?

A
  • endocytosis: movement into the cell
  • exocytosis: movement out of the cell
70
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A
  • connective
  • muscle
  • epithelial
  • nervous
71
Q

what is connective tissue? name some examples.

A
  • sparse cells embedded in a matrix
  • blood, cartilage, adipose, bone
72
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue? are they involuntary or voluntary?

A
  • skeletal: voluntary
  • cardiac: involuntary
  • smooth: involuntary
73
Q

what are the main characteristics to determine the type of epithelial tissue?

A

epithelial tissue is determined by the cell shape and the number of layers

74
Q

what are the cells found in nervous tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia

SC.SM-- AP & MT (11 decks)

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