wk 1: the basics and levels of organization Flashcards
anatomy
the study of body structures
physiology
the study of how the structures of the body functions
pathology
the study of disease
what is ‘standard anatomical position?’
standing, palms forward, feet are close together (shoulder-width)
what are alternative names for superior/inferior?
- superior: cephalad
- inferior: caudal or caudad
what are alternative names for anterior/ posterior?
- anterior: ventral
- posterior: dorsal
name the five main regions of the axial region.
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
- thoracic region
- abdominal region
- pelvic region
name the regions of the upper limbs from proximal to distal.
- brachial region
- cubital region
- antebrachial region
- carpal region
- palmar region
- digital region
name the regions of the lower limbs from proximal to distal.
- femoral region
- patellar region (front of knee)
- popliteal region (back of knee)
- crural region (front of lower leg)
- sural region (back of lower leg)
- tarsal region (ankle)
- metatarsus region
- digital region
what are the three main anatomical planes?
- frontal (coronal) plane
- transverse plane
- sagittal plane
the frontal/coronal plane…
separates anterior from posterior
the transverse plane…
separates superior from inferior
MRI techs use _____ interchangeably with the transverse plane.
axial or horizontal plane
the sagittal plane…
separates right from left
what are serous membranes?
a 2-layer structure that anchors the organ within its specific cavity?
membranes of the pericardium?
- visceral layer: directly surrounds heart
- parietal layer: pericardial lining
membranes of the pleura?
- visceral layer: directly surrounds lungs
- parietal layer: lines the inner surface of rib cage
membranes of peritoneum?
- visceral layer: surrounds the outside digestive/abdominal organs
- parietal layer: lines inner surface of rectus sheath/transverse abdominis
which cavities do the meninges cover?
the cranial and vertebral cavities
T/F: meninges are considered membranes.
true
what is homeostasis?
the body’s way of maintaining a steady internal environment.
how does the body maintain homeostasis?
- negative feedback: reverses change
- positive feedback: amplifies change until it returns to homeostasis
define disease.
when organs/organ systems malfunction (a disruption in homeostasis)
predisposing (risk) factors: modifiable
- lifestyle (diet, etc)
- environment
predisposing (risk) factors: nonmodifiable
- age
- gender
- hereditary (family history)
what is the difference between signs and symptoms?
- signs can be measured (temperature, bp)
- symptoms cannot be measured (pain level, vertigo)
what are the classifications of diseases?
- infectious
- neoplastic
- immune disorders
- genetic
- mental
- trauma
what is the difference between communicable and noncommunicable?
what are some examples of infectious diseases?
- viruses
- bacteria
- fungi
- parasites & protoza
immune disorders: hypersensitivity
immune disorders: autoimmune
immune disorders: immunodeficiency
what is a prognosis?
predicted patient outcome
what is palliative treatment?
end of life care
what is curative treatment?
what is therapeutic treatment?
what is preventative treatment?
what is epidemiology?
the study of population health
incidence
the number of new cases
name the levels of organization from smallest to largest
chemical –> atomss –> molecules –> organelles –> tissues –> organ –> organ systems –> organism
prevalence
number of existing cases
atomic number
number of protons per element
atomic mass
total number of protons and electrons per element
ionic bonds
electrons either give or receive electrons to fill their outer shells
covalent bonds
electrons share electrons to fill their outer shells
what are the organic molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
what are proteins composed of? what is their function?
made of amino acids; provide structure, create enzymes, and transport other molecules
what are carbohydrates composed of? what is their function?
made of monosaccharides/simple sugars (glucose, fructose); fuel for proteins to do their jobs
what are nucleic acids composed of? what is their function?
DNA, RNA; provide instructions on how to make a protein
what are lipids composed of? what is their function?
- phospholipids (in cell membrane) act as a barrier to support and separate
- steroids (hormones)
- triglycerides: store energy
hypertonic solutions
hypotonic solutions
what does the pH scale measure?
it measures the strength or weakness of acids and bases
acids are molecules that…
release H+ ions into water (increasing)
bases are molecules that…
absorb H+ ions in water (decreasing)
fx: nucleus
- ctrl ctr of the cell
- houses DNA
fx: mitochondria
creates ATP (form of energy DIRECTLY usable for proteins)
fx: ribosomes
- assemble amino acids into proteins
fx: golgi complex
packages proteins for their final destination
smooth ER
site of lipid synthesis
rough ER
site of protein synthesis
fx: lysosome
trashcan of the cell
fx: cell membrane
bodyguard of the cell; regulates what enters/exits the cell
what are the four types of passive transport?
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- filtration
- osmosis
simple diffusion
substances travel from an area of high to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
substances are able to travel through cell membrane with the help of a protein channel
filtration
solid particles are removed from a fluid through a filter
osmosis
low solute solution –> high solute solution;
water (solution) is added to a low solute solution
what is a form of active transport?
bulk transport
what are the two types of bulk transport?
- endocytosis: movement into the cell
- exocytosis: movement out of the cell
what are the four types of tissue?
- connective
- muscle
- epithelial
- nervous
what is connective tissue? name some examples.
- sparse cells embedded in a matrix
- blood, cartilage, adipose, bone
what are the three types of muscle tissue? are they involuntary or voluntary?
- skeletal: voluntary
- cardiac: involuntary
- smooth: involuntary
what are the main characteristics to determine the type of epithelial tissue?
epithelial tissue is determined by the cell shape and the number of layers
what are the cells found in nervous tissue?
neurons and neuroglia
