WK 2 Motivation

Question 1

Motivation definition

Answer 1

driver of directed behaviours; particularly our wants and needs

Question 2

2 drives

Answer 2

• Biological

- Social

Question 3

Biological drives

Answer 3

• primary

- e.g. thirst, hunger

Question 4

Social drives

Answer 4

• secondary

- e.g. achievement, affiliation

Question 5

Approach motivation

Answer 5

propel engagement in some behaviours

Question 6

Avoidance motivation

Answer 6

repel engagement in some behaviours

Question 7

EARLY PERSPECTIVES

Psychodynamic perspective (Freud)

Answer 7

• behaviour is motivated by unconscious and conscious desires (not in unison)
• 3 theoretical constructs of psyche
• Id
• Superego
• Ego

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

unconscious, instinctual, irrational drives

wants to cheat

Question 9

Superego

Answer 9

morally responsible drives, operates at preconscious awareness (holds back)

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

conscious, rational mind, ensures id and superego manifest appropriately

Question 11

HISTORICAL MEASURES

Thematic Apperception Tests

Answer 11

(TATs)

• claim to measure unconscious desires
• assessed 4 social motives:
• achievement
• power
• affiliation
• intimacy
• self-report survey of motives

Question 12

Drive reduction theories (DRT)

Answer 12

• thirst, hunger and sexual frustration drive us to reduce the aversiveness of these states
• motivated to maintain psychological homeostasis (or equilibrium)

Question 13

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 13

• arousal affects strength of drive
• pro athletes perform better with crowd, novice athletes perform better without crowd
• under-arousal causes stimulus hunger (a drive for stimulation)

Question 14

Clashing Drives

Answer 14

• approach-approach conflict (dinner vs concert)
• avoidance-avoidance conflict (failing exam vs studying for exam)
• approach-avoidance conflict (attractive person vs fear of rejection)

Question 15

Incentive theories

Answer 15

• suggest DRT is inadequate as we repeatedly engage in behaviour despite satisfaction of drives
• Incentive theories build on DRT- driven by positive goals
• Differentiates between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
• Intrinsic motivation can be devalued by extrinsic reinforcements

Question 16

Relative importance of needs

Answer 16

physiological > psychological

Question 17

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

1. physiological needs
2. safety and security
3. love and belonging
4. self-esteem
5. self-actualisation

Question 18

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

Libido

Answer 18

human sexual desire

Question 19

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

Physiological drivers of libido

Answer 19

• testosterone

- protein (DRD4) related to a neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 20

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

4 phases of sexual response cycle

Answer 20

1. desire
2. excitement
3. orgasm
4. resolution

Question 21

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

Sex and ageing

Answer 21

• sex more frequent early in relationships x2 per week
• satisfaction does not decrease with age
• health people in 70s and 80s remain sexually active

Question 22

Goal setting , what works?

Answer 22

Specific
Measurable 
Action-oriented
Realistic
Time-based

Question 23

Important part of goal setting

Answer 23

feedback