WK 10 Psychological Problems 2 Flashcards
Depressive Disorders
- Major depressive disorder
- Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
- Suicide
Major depressive disorder (MDD) criteria
- 2 weeks
- depressed mood most of the day or diminished interest or pleasure in almost everything
Specifiers when diagnosing MDD
- severity
- type
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) (dysthymia) criteria
- depressed mood most of day on most days than not for 2 years
- may have MDD at same time
- no manic or hypomanic episodes ever
Suicide
most people who die form suicide meet criteria for a depressive disorder in weeks before death
Depressive disorder theories
- Becks cognitive theory
- Behavioural Activation theory
Becks cognitive theory
negative schemas play an important role in depression
Behavioural Activation theory
when depressed individuals engage in increasing avoidance and isolation which worsens symptoms
Depressive Disorders empirically supported treatments
- behavioural activation
- cognitive therapy
- interpersoanl psychotherapy
Bipolar and related disorders
- Bipolar one (manic episode)
- Bipolar two (hypomanic episode and major depressive episode)
The 2 bipolar disorders are distinguished in terms of
- duration
- severity
Manic episode
abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 1 week
Hypomanic episode
abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for 4 or more days (cannot turn into manic unless reaches 7 day duration and increase in severity)
Genetics of BD
heritability estimated 80%
Neurotransmitters and BD
- norepthephrine (higher during mania than depressed)
- serotonin (reduced when depressed)
BD empirically supported treatments
- medication (recommended as first treatment)
- psychological adjuncts
- family focused therapy
- systematic care
- psychoeducation
Anxiety disorders
- specific phobia
- social anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
- generalised anxiety disorder
specific phobia (SP)
fear or anxiety about specific object or situation
SP- preparedness theory
fears reflect a biological predisposition that have threatened humanity throughout history
SP supported treatment
exposure therapy
Social anxiety disorder
fear/anxiety about social situation involving possible scrutiny by others (on a continuum)
Panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
Generalised anxiety disorder
excessive worry occuring more than not, difficulty controlling worry
Generalised anxiety disorder features
may experience trembling, twitching, shakiness, etc
Social anxiety disorder supported treatment
cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
Panic disorder supported treatment
CBT
Generalised anxiety disorder supported treatment
CBT
Anxiety disorder in other chapters of DSM
- OCD
- PTSD
- criteria A
- criteria B
- criteria C
- criteria D
- criteria E
OCD
- obsessions: recurrent and persistent thoughts or urges
- compulsions: repetitive behaviours or mental acts individuals feel driven to perform in response to obsession
OCD empirically supported treatment
exposure and response prevention
PTSD - criteria A
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence (directly experiencing events)
PTSD - criteria B
intrusion symptoms (recurrent distressing memories of traumatic event
PTSD - criteria C
persistent avoidance (efforts to void memories, though, feelings of traumatic event
PTSD - criteria D
negative alterations in cognitions and moods (inability to remember aspect of important event)
PTSD - criteria E
marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the trauma (irritable behaviour and angry outbursts)
PTSD empirically supported treatments
trauma-focused therapy
