Williamite, Mary, Anne Flashcards
Why were Irish Protestants furious about William of Orange’s sparing terms for the Jacobites?
Because they wanted revenge for wartime losses, and to extinguish Catholic political power in Ireland
What were the 1659 Penal Laws in Ireland?
Set of restrictions on Irish Catholics
No Irish Catholics can:
- Own a weapon
- Get education on the continent
- Run their own schools
- Catholic clergy in Ireland banned
- Primogeniture is banned for Irish Catholics
- Irish Catholics are second class citizens
How many acres of land are taken from Irish Catholics during the Williamite confiscation?
500 000
What is the Orange Order?
A fraternal group in Northern Ireland that celebrates Williams victory over the Catholics in Ireland
Who were the Non-Jurors?
- Those who refused to swear an oath to William of Orange
- They see James as legitimate king still, because God willed it as such
Non-Jurors tended to be ___________
Tory Anglicans
Who did William fill his court with?
Dutchmen
True or False: William was more comfortable speaking Dutch with his friends.
TRUE
Who didn’t like court life, preferring, instead, the life of a soldier?
William of Orange
In William’s reign, the most important positions in the royal court are held by __________
Dutchmen
What is Maundy Thursday?
A tradition where monarchs cleaned the feet of poor people
What king famously refused to partake in Maundy Thursday?
William of Orange
What king famously refused to touch lepers with the “Royal Touch” to cure them?
William of Orange
Who lead the regency while William was away at war?
His wife, Queen Mary
During William’s rule, who provided a Royal outlet for those who liked Royal majesty and extravagance?
Mary II (William’s wife)
Who did William rely on to ingratiate the English people?
Mary II
What is the “Killing Time”, 1685?
The lynching and execution of Scottish Presbyterians under James II
What offers the Scots a restoration of Presbyterianism?
William and the Glorious Revolution
Who formed the Jacobites in Scotland?
Catholics in the highlands, or Anglicans in the lowlands
What was the Pacification of the Highlands?
- Attempt by the government to root out the Jacobites in the Scottish Highlands
- They said that all Scottish chieftains had to swear an oath of allegiance to William and Mary
- Culminates in the Glencoe Massacre
Explain the Glencoe Massacre:
- During the Pacification of the Highlands
- William forced all Scottish chieftans to swear an oath to him and Mary
- In defiance, the Macdonald clan swore it a day late
- So, William got the Macdonald’s rival clan, the Cambells, to massacre them
Why is the Glencoe Massacre important?
- It is used by the Jacobites to justify the illegitimacy and evil nature of the new English rule
What faction in Parliament is nicknamed the “Country Party”?
Tories
How did the Tories react to the Glorious revolution?
- They accepted it, but not wholeheartedly
- They were hesitant on it’s breaking of the Great Chain of Being
How did the Whigs react to the Glorious Revolution?
- They fully support it
Who called for the Blue Water Strategy?
Tories
What was the Blue Water Strategy?
- England should rely on its navy, and NOT intervene in European land conflicts
- Keep the Blue Water between England and the rest of Europe
Which political party did William of Orange dislike? Why?
The Tories
- Some Tories were caught writing letters of apology to James II
What famous Tory did William of Orange imprison in the Tower of London?
John Churchill
Why are Whigs more enthusiastic for war?
- Because since most Whigs were merchants, they weren’t the ones responsible for paying the heavy taxes included in land warfare
What was the Junto?
The council of 5 Whig leaders supporting William’s war
Who led the Junto?
Thomas Wharton
How does William convince people to fight the French?
- Spreading the idea of “Saving Protestantism” in Europe
- France is a Catholic Absolutist power, which tramples on the ideas of rights and liberties of the people
What was the most expensive war in English history?
The Nine Years’ War, 1688-97
(French invasion of the Rhineland)
What Spanish monarch dies, causing the Spanish War of Succession?
Carlos II
Who formed the Grand Alliance in 1689?
- England
- Dutch
- Spanish
- Holy Roman Empire
- Sweden
What naval victory over the French ended the threat of French invasion in 1692?
La Hogue
- This battle allows the English to bring the war to the continent
What was the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick?
- Peace between France and England
- Louis agreed to return territory taken since 1679
- Louis also recognizes William as the rightful king of England
- BUT, Louis refuses to kick James out of French protection and territory
Why was the Nine Years War important?
- Prevented French dominance of the continent, and a French invasion of England
- Spurred the Financial revolution
How does Parliament gain power during William’s reign?
- William is so set on defending Holland, that he exchanges some of his royal rights in exchange for Parliamentary money
True or False: Under William, the Parliament could fund the government itself, separate from the royal household
TRUE
What was the Land Tax?
- 1693
- Landowners had to pay 20% tax on the land they owned
How did local JP’s delay tax collection for the Land Tax?
- They undervalued their local friends lands, so they had to pay less taxes
Who pioneered the Financial Revolution?
Charles Montagu, Chancellor of the Exchequer
What 2 major things did the Financial Revolution create?
Funded National Debt
Bank of England
What was the Funding of National Debt?
- Excess expenditure is funded by borrowing
- aka. warbonds
- Interest on the debt was guaranteed
Why was the Bank of England created?
- To loan money to government
- Created by Charles Montagu
What did the Bank of England receive in return for loaning to the government?
- Full rights to sell stocks, make loans, print its own money, etc.
What 6 things make the Financial Revolution so important?
- Allows government to raise a lot of money very quickly
- More money meant better supplying of William’s army
- Creation of the Financier (Money Men) They are the first to make money solely out of exploiting credit
- Ensures Britain’s military domination of Europe
- Increases Parliamentary power over the crown
- Increases the size of the Government and Military
What treaty ended the Nine Years War?
Treaty of Ryswick, 1697
What did the British get out of the Treaty of Ryswick?
- French recognize William as monarch of England
- French give back territory taken in the last 20 years
What was the 1701 Act of Settlement?
(Why was it important?)
- Declares that crown goes to Sophia, electress of Hanover (Granddaughter of James I) and then to her grandson George
- This is important because it secured a Protestant succession to the throne
What rules accompany the 1701 Act of Settlement ?
- If the new monarch is foreign, they cannot declare a war to defend foreign territory without parliament’s consent
- They need Parliament’s consent to even leave the country
- No king from henceforth can grant a royal pardon to anyone who has been impeached by Parliament
When was the Spanish War of Succession?
1702-1713
What was Carlos IIs will of succession?
- Succession goes to Phillipe d’Anjou
- AS LONG as he renounces his claim to the French throne to take the Spanish one
What does Louis XIV do when Phillipe d’Anjou succeeds to the Spanish throne?
- He says that the Spaniards have no right to interfere with the French succession, thus making the agreement of Philip to renounce claim to the French throne invalid
What 3 French provocations caused the Spanish War of Succession?
- France invades the Spanish Netherlands
- On his deathbed, James II asks Louis XIV to recognize his son, James III as king of England, Scotland and Ireland (which Louis does)
- Louis puts an embargo on English trade (and, on English trade with Spain)
When was the Spanish War of Succession?
1702-1713
What was Carlos IIs will of succession?
- Succession goes to Phillipe d’Anjou
- AS LONG as he renounces his claim to the French throne to take the Spanish one
What does Louis XIV do when Phillipe d’Anjou succeeds to the Spanish throne?
- He says that the Spaniards have no right to interfere with the French succession, thus making the agreement of Philip to renounce claim to the French throne invalid
What 3 French provocations caused the Spanish War of Succession?
- France invades the Spanish Netherlands
- On his deathbed, James II aks Louis XIV to recognize his son, James III as king of England, Scotland and Ireland (which Louis does)
- Louis puts an embargo on English trade (and, on English trade with Spain)
Who is a part of William’s alliance against the French before he dies in 1702?
- Britain
- Dutch
- Denmark
- Holy Roman Empire
How does William of Orange die?
His horse trips on a molehill and he is killed in the fall
Who is the “little gentleman in the velvet coat” that Jacobites toasted to?
- The mole whose hill tripped William’s horse
Who lead the Anglo Dutch army?
John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough
What was Marlborough’s great victory against the French in 1704?
Battle of Blenheim, 1704
Why is the Battle of Blenheim important?
- Saved Vienna
- Prevented the collapse of the Anglo-Dutch alliance
- The French fled the field of battle, something they were not known to do
What was Marlborough’s forced march?
- 1704
- Marlborough did a forced march from Belgium to the Upper Danube, making it in time to stop the French from taking Vienna
What palace was built for the John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough in reward for his great victory at Blenheim?
Blenheim Palace
(His descendent, Winston Churchill, was born here)
What English monarch was the Spanish War of Succession fought under?
Queen Anne I
Who was the last Stuart to sit on the throne?
Anne I
Describe Anne Ists downfall:
- She and her closest confidante, the Duchess of Marlborough (the Duke’s wife) had a falling out during a carriage ride
- While exiting the carriage, a crowd witnessed the Duchess telling Queen Anne to shut up
- Anne was thus forced to get rid of her main advisor
True or False: Anne was very pro-Church of England
TRUE
Under which reign did the most contested elections until the modern period occur?
Anne I
True or False: Anne’s rule is the first time ALL Tories vote one way, and ALL Whigs vote the other.
TRUE
What holiday did Whigs celebrate?
Gunpowder Plot Day
What holiday did Tories celebrate?
Royal Martyr Day (In honour of Charles I)
Under which reign did separate Tory and Whig coffee houses spawn?
Anne I
Under which reign did the Electorate of Parliament see exponential growth due to inflation?
Anne I
Which political faction was largely responsible for the 1701 Act of Union?
Whigs
How did Scotland benefit from the Act of Union?
- To avoid the Navigation Acts, which barred trade with Scotland
What were the Navigation Acts?
→ Said that any trade with England had to be conducted with an English vessel and crew, AND in an English port
→ This restricted trade from Scotland, and benefited English merchants
What was the Darien Venture?
- Scottish attempt to colonize Panama 1698-1700
What portion of Scotland’s capital money was lost due to the Daren Venture?
1/3rd
True or False: During the Nine Years War, The Scots had traded with the French
TRUE
What was the Scottish Act of Security 1705?
- Scottish didn’t recognize the Succession Act as being applicable to them
- Scotland would choose who is monarch of Scotland after Queen Anne’s death
Why did the Scottish Act of Security 1705 scare the English?
- They were afraid that the Scots might name James III as King of Scotland
What are the 3 obstacles to negotiations between England and Scotland?
- Both have Animosity
- English and Scottish have separate legal systems
- English are Anglican, Scots are Presbyterian
True or False: English Parliamentarians bribed by purchasing votes from the Scottish MPs
TRUE
In what year is Great Britain established?
1707
What were the 2 clauses for Scotland of the Act of Union?
- Scottish parliament is abolished
- Scotland keeps its Presbyterian Church of Scotland
What treaty ended the Spanish War of Succession?
Treaty of Utrecht 1713
What are the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713
- Britain gains territory in North America (Newfoundland, Rupert’s land, Nova Scotia)
- Gibraltar ceded from Spain to Britain
- Philip of Anjou is King of Spain, BUT renounces the French throne
- France and Spain recognized Hanoverian succession to Britain
- Britain won the 30-year monopoly of “Asiento de Negros” (selling African slaves to Spain)
