Week 4: Mary I to Elizabeth Flashcards
Why was Mary Ist known as “Bloody Mary”?
- Because of her rampant executions and persecutions of Protestants as heretics
How long was Mary Ists reign?
4 years
Who repealed the heresy laws?
Mary I
Why was John Foxe’s “Actes and Monuments” important?
- It symbolized Protestant discontent with Mary Ists rule
- It was a (slightly overexaggerated) rant against Mary’s persecution of Protestants
What theologian identified England within a wider Protestant framework?
John Foxe
Who was among Mary Ists most notable victims of execution?
Archbishop Cranmer (creator of the common prayer book)
Roughly how many people did Mary I execute?
300
How old was Elizabeth I when she came to the throne?
25
Who was the founder of Calvinism?
Jean Calvin
How can Calvinism be described?
- A more extreme form of Protestantism
Who is the author of “The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women” ?
John Knox
Who was the founder of the Presbyterian church?
John Knox
What is particular about nations rulers in the mid 16th century?
- There is an unprecedented string of Female leaders
Why were people so anxious about Elizabeth I finding a suitor to marry?
- Because it was considered unnatural for a woman to rule without a man
Who was Elizabeth’s closest advisor?
William Cecil
Who was Elizabeth’s great love interest?
Robert Dudley
(She calls him her “Little Robin”)
How did the two men closest to Elizabeth differ in their stances on war?
- William Cecil avoided wars
- Robert Dudley wanted wars
With what title does Elizabeth style herself?
“The Virgin Queen”
How does Elizabeth turn her refusal to marry into a positive image for the English public?
- She doesn’t have time for a husband, for she is too wholly devoted to the English people
- She also used her celibacy as a religious virtue
What is Erastianism?
- Brought forward by Thomas Erastus
- Decreed that it should be up to the sovereign ruler to decide the religion of the land
What does Elizabeth do to get rid of the Catholics Mary had recently re-introduced to Parliament?
- She locked them all up in the Tower of London
Since Elizabeth was unable to bring back the Act of Supremacy on account of her gender, what does she name herself instead?
- Supreme Governor of the Church
- She forced all office holders to swear an oath to her and not the church
What was the Act of Uniformity (1558) ?
- A 12 pence fine for each time one didn’t attend Church
- Introduced by Elizabeth
Why was the Elizabethan Act of Uniformity important?
- It enforced the reestablishment of Protestantism
- Reduced religious discord through uniform Protestant worship
In short, Elizabeth’s religious reforms can be described by her switching emphasis of _________ to _________ in state religion.
Doing things to BELIEVING things
What were the 39 Articles of Faith ?
- 1563
- Basically, an upgraded rule book of Elizabethan Protestantism
- Based on CALVINIST doctrine and Catholic appearance
- AKA a more calvinist reinstating of Henry’s old 42 Articles of Faith
Who said, “I will not make windows into men’s souls”, and why is this quote important?
- Elizabeth I
- Importance: This shows how Elizabeth only asked for outward conformity to her religious settlements, but you can believe what you want to believe.
- AKA (Even if you are Catholic in belief, as long as you act Anglican there’s no problem)
In what other ways does Elizabeth ensure religious uniformity?
- She sends commissioners to talk with every local priest in the nation
What did historian Conrad Russel say about the English Church?
- They think Protestant, but act Catholic
What group believed that Elizabeth’s religious settlements didn’t go far enough?
Puritans
Who are known as the “shock troops” of the counter-reformation?
Jesuits
How are Jesuits treated in Elizabethan England?
- They are hunted down and persecuted
What was the reaction of most English Catholics when the Pope forced them to pick loyalty between the Queen or the Papacy?
- Most English Catholics picked Elizabeth
True or False: Catholicism was illegal under Elizabeth.
FALSE
However, being a Catholic priest was illegal, couldn’t sit at Parliament as a Catholic etc.
Why are there so many Catholics among the landed aristocracy?
→ Nobles traditionally had a private Catholic Church on their manor
What caused a gradual decline in France’s power?
- Religious divide
Huguenots were often found amongst __________________.
Merchants in Cities
Why was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 important?
- Catherine de Medici authorizes the slaughter of Huguenots gathered at Henri de Navarre’s wedding with her daughter
- It worsens the divide in France and weakened it further
What French King ends the religious wars in France?
Henri IV
What is Henri IVs famous quote?
“Paris is well worth a few masses”
What was the Auld Alliance, and why was it important?
- France and Scotland’s traditional alliance (1295-1560)
- Formed a major power check on England as well as a mutual protection program against English aggression
What trade deal is included with the Auld Alliance?
- Scots get first pick on French wine imports
Who did Mary Queen of Scots first marry?
Francis II of France
- He dies 2 months into the marriage
- Mary returns to Scotland to rule alone
Who was Mary Ists mother?
Mary of Guise
Who led the Scottish reformation?
John Knox
What caused the Scottish Protestant Rebellion in 1559?
- Mary of Guise gave all high court positions to Catholic French nobles
- Scottish nobles got furious that foreigners held higher offices in their own country
What did the 1559 Scottish Protestant rebels call themselves?
Lords of the Congregation
Who do the Lords of the Congregation go to for help?
Elizabeth I
What is the Treaty of Edinburgh 1560, and why is it important?
- Eases relations with the English and Scots
- Scottish agree to stop the Auld Alliance, withdrawal French troops in Scotland and enact religious toleration
- Mary is asked to recognize Elizabeth I as ruler, but she refuses.
- Ends French influence in Scotland
- Allowed for the solidification of Protestantism in Scotland
Why is Mary Queen of Scots seen as a whore?
- Her second husband, her cousin (Henry Stewart) , was extremely jealous, but was murdered
- Her husband’s murderer, Hepburn, fearing persecution, kidnaps Mary
- Mary then marries Hepburn
What made Mary queen of scots flee to England?
- The Protestant Rebellion
- Mary abdicates, and hands her son, James VI the throne of Scotland
When in asylum in Elizabeth’s court, what does Mary I become?
- A rally point for disgruntled Catholics in England
Why is Mary, Queen of Scots executed?
- For Catholic plots and assassination plots on Elizabeth
- Mary is executed in 1587
What is the Spanish Affair, and why is it important?
- Mary’s captured correspondence with Spain to orchestrate an invasion of England that would put her on the throne
How does Elizabeth justify NOT being responsible for Mary’s execution?
- She signed the death warrant, but never gave the oral confirmation necessary for the execution to be carried forth
What does Elizabeth I do to make sure James VI doesn’t interfere with his mother’s execution?
- Pays him off
What was the name of another major failed plot for a Spanish invasion of England and a Catholic takeover?
Ridolfi Plot 1571
In what year does Elizabeth make it treason to be a Catholic Priest?
1585
Elizabeth increased the non-church attendance fee from 20 cents to ______.
$20
What were the 2 main problems in Anglo-Spanish relations?
- Protestant Dutch Revolt
- English Piracy
What initially causes the Dutch revolt?
- Dutch fear of the Spanish bringing the inquisition to the Netherlands
What is Elizabeth’s stance on the Dutch?
- She PUBLICLY supports Spain, but SECRETLY sends monetary aid to the Dutch.
How does Spain punish England for supporting the Dutch rebels?
- It shuts down the port of Antwerp for 5 years
- This leads to the Anglo-Spanish war
What is Elizabeth’s stance on English piracy of Spanish ships?
- Elizabeth turns a blind eye to English piracy
Who were 2 famous English privateers?
- Sir. Francis Drake
- John Hawkins
Why did Elizabeth condone English piracy?
- It brought her LOADS of money (£264 000 in total from Spanish ships looted)
What was the name of Sir. Francis Drake’s ship?
The Golden Hind
In order to preserve the Holy nature of the Spanish Armada’s crusade to England, what is forbidden aboard Spanish ships?
- Swearing and gambling
What partly motivates the invasion of the Spanish Armada?
- Elizabeth’s excommunication from the Pope in 1570
When is Elizabeth excommunicated by the Pope?
1570
To face the Armada, the English defence force was made up mostly of __________
militias
Where did Elizabeth give her famous speech before battle against the Armada, stating that she had the heart of a king?
Tilbury Fort
What advantage did the English have against the Armada?
- English ships were faster and had better cannons
- They needed to engage the Spanish at sea, for they were weak on land
What was the Protestant Wind, and why is it important?
- The windstorm that scattered the Spanish Armada when they fled the English fireships at Calais
- It prevented the Spanish invasion of England
- It was seen that God was on the side of the English
What was a Papal edict called?
A Papal Bull
