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Early Modern England > Week 3: Henry VIII to Mary I > Flashcards

Week 3: Henry VIII to Mary I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the King’s Great Matter?

A
  • Henry VIII’s desire and process for the divorce of his wife, the Queen, Katherine of Aragon
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2
Q

Why is the King’s Great Matter important?

A
  • It leads to Henry’s divide with the Catholic Church and his founding of the Church of England
  • Laid the groundwork for Protestantism in England
  • Led to the dissolution of the monasteries
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3
Q

Why does Henry want to divorce Katherine of Aragon?

A
  • She is childless and he needs an heir
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4
Q

What did the Pope offer permission for Henry to do INSTEAD of divorcing Katherine?

A
  • Making his illegitimate son, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset legitimate
  • Allow Henry to marry Anne Boleyn WITHOUT divorcing Katherine
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5
Q

What were Katherine of Aragon’s 3 arguments against her trial when she was taken to court?

A
  • She didn’t recognize the legitimacy of the court
  • Her marriage to Henry was valid by Church law (she had never consummated her previous marriage with Arthur)
  • Katherine demanded the right to appeal the result of the trial to Rome
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6
Q

What was the court’s reaction upon hearing Katherine of Aragon’s arguments against her trial?

A

They clapped, impressed by the validity of her arguments.

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7
Q

What was the Pope’s verdict on Katherine’s trial?

A
  • He wanted the trial to take place in Rome in the future
  • AKA. The divorce would NOT be permitted by the Pope
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8
Q

What led to Cardinal Wolsey’s downfall?

A

He failed to obtain a divorce for Henry

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9
Q

What charge is brought up against Cardinal Wolsey?

A

Praemunire (loyalty to a foreign power)(in this case, the papacy)

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10
Q

True or False: Wolsey had been talking to French and Spanish agents, as well as Katherine herself.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What is Cardinal Wolsey finally convicted of?

A

Treason

(But he died of natural causes before he could be beheaded)

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12
Q

What does Henry do as punishment to Wolsey?

A

Strips him of his palace and estates

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13
Q

When did Wolsey die?

A

1530

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14
Q

Why did Anne Boleyn hate Wolsey so much?

A
  • When Anne caught Henry’s eye, he ordered Wolsey to secure a marriage with her
  • But, Anne was in love with Henry Percy
  • Wolsey broke up Anne and Percy’s marriage in order for Henry to take her
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15
Q

Who replaces Cardinal Wolsey?

A

Sir. Thomas More

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16
Q

In what ways did the Catholic Church meet the needs of many people at the time? (7)

A
  • Healthcare
  • Education
  • Cycles of life (ex. burial, baptism, marriage, etc.)
  • Gave Holidays
  • Connecting communities to the outside world
  • News
  • Legal Codes
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17
Q

What did courts of the Catholic Church typically deal with?

A
  • Moral issues such as adultery, spousal violence, marriage issues, drunkenness, debt, etc.
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17
Q

Who were the Lollards?

A
  • A Catholic group who criticized the Church and believed in the primordially of scripture above all else
  • Predecessors to later Protestants
  • Followers of John Wycliffe
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18
Q

Who founded the Lollards?

A

John Wycliffe

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19
Q

Who was John Wycliffe?

A

A Catholic priest and theology proffessor at Oxford

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20
Q

What are the 3 main beliefs of the Lollards?

A
  1. If it’s not mentionned in the Bible, it is invalid
  2. Priests shouldn’t have any authority
  3. No such thing as transubstantiation
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21
Q

What is transubstantiation?

A

Turning the Eucharist into the body and blood of Christ.

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22
Q

What did Martin Luther believe in?

A
  • Primordiality of scripture
  • Hated Church corruption
  • Hated Indulgences
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23
Q

What were indulgences?

A
  • Fees paid to the Catholic Church to lessen one’s (often a recently passed loved one’s) time in purgatory
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24
Q

What was Richard Hunne’s case?

A
  • 1511-1514
  • Richard Hunne was a Lollard
  • His infant son died, and he refused to pay a burial fee to the Church
  • The Priest took him to Church court (being a case of debt)
  • Hunne reverses the case, and accuses the Church of Preamunire (for their loyalty to a foreign power, Rome)
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25
Q

What happened to Richard Hunne?

A
  • He was put into prison, where he hung himself
  • The Church posthumously persecute the now dead Hunne for heresy
  • Hunnes already lifeless corpse is burned on the stake in 1514
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26
Q

Why is Richard Hunne’s case important?

A
  • It showed a challenge to Church authority, marking the popular dissent for it at the time
  • Offered a primer and explanation for popular opinion during the later reformation
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27
Q

What was the 1401 Heresy Act?

A
  • Declared that acts of Heresy would be punishable by being burnt at the stake
  • Act was aimed towards Lollards
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28
Q

Who was the 1401 Heresy Act likely aimed towards?

A

The Lollards

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29
Q

Who was the chief engineer of the English reformation?

A

Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)

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30
Q

What was Thomas Cromwell’s job in Parliament?

A
  • To ensure that Parliament does what the King wants
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31
Q

What were the Reformation Parliaments?

A
  • A set of Parliaments called in between 1529-1536 tasked with passing the legal framework for the English reformation and the break away from the Papacy in Rome
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32
Q

How does Henry respond to the Pope when summoned to Rome to deal with the divorce issue?

A
  • Henry refuses
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33
Q

In what year did Henry take control of the English clergy?

A

1532

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34
Q

How did Henry take control of the English clergy?

A
  • He charges all English priests with Praemunire and forces them ALL to switch allegiances from the Pope to him, the King.
  • The Church also pays a fine of £180 000 to the King
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35
Q

What was the First Statute of Annates

A
  • Tradition had it that bishops gave 3/4 of their initial year’s salary to the Pope
  • Henry BANNED this
  • Instead, that 3/4 initial year fee is given to the King
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36
Q

True or False: When Henry married Anne Boleyn, he was not yet divorced with Katherine.

A

TRUE

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37
Q

In what year did Henry marry Anne Boleyn?

A

1533

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38
Q

What is the 1553 Act in Restraint of Appeals?

A
  • Prohibits the use of courts outside England
  • AKA no more appeals to Rome
39
Q

What does Henry do after declaring his marriage with Katherine to be invalid in 1553?

A
  • He refuses to let their daughter Mary see her mother ever again
40
Q

Who is Henry and Anne Boleyn’s daughter?

A

Elizabeth (Elizabeth I)

41
Q

What was the 1534 Act of Supremacy?

A
  • Henry gets Parliament to recognize the King as the supreme head of the Church of England (NOT the Pope)
42
Q

What new power does Henry acquire when he is named head of the Church of England?

A
  • Appointing his own bishops
43
Q

What was the 1534 act of Succession?

A
  • Henry forced all to recognize Elizabeth as heir to the throne, NOT Mary
44
Q

Explain the 1534 Treason Act

A
  • Words against the king now count as treason as well
45
Q

What was the traditional definition of treason?

A
  • An attempt on the King’s life
46
Q

In which act did Henry dissolve the monasteries?

A

The 1553 Suppression of Religions Houses Act

47
Q

The Monasteries had owned __/4th of all arable land in England.

A

1/4th

48
Q

How was Henry’s radical reformation successful?

A
  • Henry sold all former monastery lands to all who could afford them
  • Now, the people who had bought these lands, did NOT want the Catholic Church to come back and retake their lands
  • Therefore, many people shut out Catholicism
49
Q

How did the dissolution of monasteries allow middle class people to move up their rank?

A
  • Because Henry sold former monastery lands to them
50
Q

Why do reformists refer to the Pope as the “Bishop of Rome”?

A

To note his lack of influence over England

51
Q

What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • Anti-Reformists did an armed march with Catholic iconography (partly as well, for economic hardships)
52
Q

Who is executed by Henry and is canonized by the Catholic Church?

A

Sir. Thomas More

53
Q

Who were the 6 wives of Henry VIII?

A

Katherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr

54
Q

What was the main criticism of Mary I?

A
  • Identified too much with her Catholic Spanish side
55
Q

What is predestination?

A
  • The notion that it is already determined even before your birth if you are going to heaven or hell
  • A notably Calvinist belief
56
Q

What are people predestined to go to heaven called?

A

The Elect

57
Q

In Protestantism, what gets you salvation?

A

Faith ALONE

By contrast, in Catholicism, Faith and contributions to your neighbourhood get you to heaven

58
Q

Was Henry Catholic or Protestant in his core beliefs?

A
  • Henry was surprisingly mostly Catholic in doctrine
  • His reforms weren’t done because he was against Catholicism, but because he wanted a divorce
  • Essentially, the Church of England is just a Catholic Church ruled by the King instead of the Pope
59
Q

Explain the 6 articles of faith:

A
  • 1539
  • A composition of 6 Catholic beliefs by Henry VIII
  • Declared that if these Catholic beliefs be violated, it was punishable by law
  • Ex. This forced people to accept transubstantiation
  • The Six Articles of Henry VIII were a set of beliefs that reflected the changing views of the King and moved back towards Catholicism:
    -The doctrine of transubstantiation
    -The view that communion did not require both bread and wine
    -The obligation of priests to remain celibate
    -The binding nature of vows of chastity
    -Private masses
    -Auricular confession
60
Q

What marks the end of Henry’s reformation?

A

The 6 Articles of Faith

61
Q

***Why are the 6 Articles of Faith important?

A
  • They mark the end of Henry’s radical reformation
  • They prove that Henry was not anti-Catholic in doctrine, but instead, in anti-Pope
62
Q

Why does Henry accuse Anne Boleyn of treason?

A
  • Anne supposedly had affairs and flirted with men at court
  • Anne is accused even of incest with her brother
  • But really, Henry just doesn’t like that she keeps having miscarriages after Elizabeth’s birth
63
Q

Which 2 wives of Henry VIII were executed?

A
  1. Anne Boleyn
  2. Catherine Howard
64
Q

Why should one never claim innocence at the scaffold?

A
  • Because it makes the King look like he made a wrong decision in front of the public
  • The King would thus take revenge on other family members of the victim
65
Q

Who pushed Jane Seymour forward as Henry VIII’s next marriage option?

A

Supporters of Katherine of Aragon

Why? Because Anne Boleyn had wrecked Katherine’s marriage with Henry

  • Henry marries Jane Seymour 11 days after Boleyn’s execution
66
Q

With which one of his wives does Henry choose to be buried with?

A

Jane Seymour

67
Q

Who does Jane Seymour birth?

A
  • Edward VI
  • Jane dies of birth a few days later
68
Q

Why did Henry want to marry Anne of Cleves?

A
  • He wanted a diplomatically useful marriage this time
  • Thomas Cromwell is a Protestant, so he pushes for the Protestant Anne of Cleves
69
Q

Explain the debacle with Anne of Cleves and Henry:

A
  • Thomas Cromwell sends his best portrait painter to paint Anne of Cleves’s portrait, so Henry could make his decision based on looks
  • Henry likes what he sees, so agrees to the marriage
  • But when he meets her in person, Anne of Cleves is hideous, and so, Henry annuls the marriage
70
Q

Who turned out the best out of all of Henry’s wives?

A

Anne of Cleves

  • After the marriage was annulled, she remained in England, living off of a rich pension from Henry himself (almost as if he felt bad for her)
71
Q

Why is Thomas Cromwell executed?

A

Henry was super enraged about Cromwell’s insistence that he marry Anne of Cleves

72
Q

Why was Catherine Howard executed by Henry?

A
  • She had committed adulterous (proven) affairs while married to Henry
  • She was executed for contaminating the Royal Bloodline and Treason
73
Q

Which one of Henry’s wives outlives him in their marriage?

A

Catherine Parr (his final wife)

74
Q

Who acted as Lord Protector for the infant Edward VI?

A

His Uncle, Edward Seymour (Jane’s brother)

75
Q

Why is the Book of Common Prayer Important?

A
  • Work of Archbishop Cramner
  • The first prayer book in ENGLISH, not Latin
  • Priests could now marry
76
Q

What was the Act of Uniformity 1549?

A
  • The uniform enforcing of the Book of Common Prayer
77
Q

Why are the 42 Articles of Faith important?

A
  • 1552
  • Declared that you go to heaven for your FAITH and FAITH ALONE
  • Rejected purgatory and transubstantiation
  • Reinforced the PROTESTANT reformation of England
78
Q

What did Edward VI do theologically?

A

Abolished more Catholic customs and deepened Protestant influence in England

79
Q

What causes the 1549 Kett’s rebellion?

A
  • Economic hardships
  • Anger at the slow progress of the Reformation in the east
  • Edward VI’s neglecting of East Anglia
80
Q

How did Edward VI die?

A

Tuberculosis (still a child)

81
Q

What was Henry VIII’s succession will?

A
  • An ordered list of who his successors would be
  1. Edward VI
  2. Mary I
  3. Elizabeth I
82
Q

Who pushes Lady Jane Grey to the throne and why?

A
  • The Earl of Northumberland, fearing Mary Its Catholicism, pushed Lady Jane Grey to the throne
83
Q

Who succeeds Edward VI?

A

Lady Jane Grey

84
Q

Lady Jane Grey is only queen for ____ days.

A

9

85
Q

In which city does Mary I find notable support against Lady Jane Grey?

A

London

86
Q

What does Mary I do with Lady Jane Grey?

A
  • Mary spares Jane and puts her in the tower
  • But, after Wyatt’s rebellion, Mary is forced to execute her
87
Q

Who is the first ever English Queen regnant?

A

Mary I

88
Q

Name the pro and con of Mary Ist’s rule as seen at the time:

A

Pro: Legitimate heiress

Con: A Catholic, and a Woman

89
Q

Why did Mary Ist ultimately fail?

A
  • She played up her Spanish Catholic lineage more than her Tudor one (her mother was Katherine of Aragon)
90
Q

Who did Mary Ist marry?

A

Phillip II of Spain

91
Q

In what ways did Mary bring back Catholicism? (4)

A
  • She repealed the act making her head of the church
  • Reinstates the Heresy laws
  • Tries to heal the relationship with Rome
  • Seeks forgiveness from the Pope
92
Q

Why is Philip II of Spain unpopular in England?

A
  • His main interest is what England can offer Spain against France
  • He doesn’t even want to live in England or rule as English
  • He only stayed in England for the first 13 months of the marriages to rally popular support against France
93
Q

Why was Wyatt’s Rebellion (1554) important?

A
  • Wyatt’s rebellion was an attempt to dethrone Mary and put her half sister, Elizabeth, on the throne
  • It showed a dissatisfaction for Catholicism and the foreign mistrust of Phillip II
  • Represented the fear among Protestants of Mary’s Catholic ways
  • It forces Mary I to finally execute Lady Jane Grey
94
Q

What seals Mary’s unpopularity in England?

A
  • Mary, at Phillip II’s urging, sent an expedition against France in 1558
  • It ends in DISASTER, and they LOSE CALAIS
95
Q

Which English Queen lost Calais?

A

Mary Ist

96
Q

Why was the 1534 Treason Act important?

A
  • It marked a major move towards government control over dissent and dissenters as well as public opinion

Early Modern England (14 decks)

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