Week 3: Henry VIII to Mary I Flashcards
What is the King’s Great Matter?
- Henry VIII’s desire and process for the divorce of his wife, the Queen, Katherine of Aragon
Why is the King’s Great Matter important?
- It leads to Henry’s divide with the Catholic Church and his founding of the Church of England
- Laid the groundwork for Protestantism in England
- Led to the dissolution of the monasteries
Why does Henry want to divorce Katherine of Aragon?
- She is childless and he needs an heir
What did the Pope offer permission for Henry to do INSTEAD of divorcing Katherine?
- Making his illegitimate son, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset legitimate
- Allow Henry to marry Anne Boleyn WITHOUT divorcing Katherine
What were Katherine of Aragon’s 3 arguments against her trial when she was taken to court?
- She didn’t recognize the legitimacy of the court
- Her marriage to Henry was valid by Church law (she had never consummated her previous marriage with Arthur)
- Katherine demanded the right to appeal the result of the trial to Rome
What was the court’s reaction upon hearing Katherine of Aragon’s arguments against her trial?
They clapped, impressed by the validity of her arguments.
What was the Pope’s verdict on Katherine’s trial?
- He wanted the trial to take place in Rome in the future
- AKA. The divorce would NOT be permitted by the Pope
What led to Cardinal Wolsey’s downfall?
He failed to obtain a divorce for Henry
What charge is brought up against Cardinal Wolsey?
Praemunire (loyalty to a foreign power)(in this case, the papacy)
True or False: Wolsey had been talking to French and Spanish agents, as well as Katherine herself.
TRUE
What is Cardinal Wolsey finally convicted of?
Treason
(But he died of natural causes before he could be beheaded)
What does Henry do as punishment to Wolsey?
Strips him of his palace and estates
When did Wolsey die?
1530
Why did Anne Boleyn hate Wolsey so much?
- When Anne caught Henry’s eye, he ordered Wolsey to secure a marriage with her
- But, Anne was in love with Henry Percy
- Wolsey broke up Anne and Percy’s marriage in order for Henry to take her
Who replaces Cardinal Wolsey?
Sir. Thomas More
In what ways did the Catholic Church meet the needs of many people at the time? (7)
- Healthcare
- Education
- Cycles of life (ex. burial, baptism, marriage, etc.)
- Gave Holidays
- Connecting communities to the outside world
- News
- Legal Codes
What did courts of the Catholic Church typically deal with?
- Moral issues such as adultery, spousal violence, marriage issues, drunkenness, debt, etc.
Who were the Lollards?
- A Catholic group who criticized the Church and believed in the primordially of scripture above all else
- Predecessors to later Protestants
- Followers of John Wycliffe
Who founded the Lollards?
John Wycliffe
Who was John Wycliffe?
A Catholic priest and theology proffessor at Oxford
What are the 3 main beliefs of the Lollards?
- If it’s not mentionned in the Bible, it is invalid
- Priests shouldn’t have any authority
- No such thing as transubstantiation
What is transubstantiation?
Turning the Eucharist into the body and blood of Christ.
What did Martin Luther believe in?
- Primordiality of scripture
- Hated Church corruption
- Hated Indulgences
What were indulgences?
- Fees paid to the Catholic Church to lessen one’s (often a recently passed loved one’s) time in purgatory
What was Richard Hunne’s case?
- 1511-1514
- Richard Hunne was a Lollard
- His infant son died, and he refused to pay a burial fee to the Church
- The Priest took him to Church court (being a case of debt)
- Hunne reverses the case, and accuses the Church of Preamunire (for their loyalty to a foreign power, Rome)
What happened to Richard Hunne?
- He was put into prison, where he hung himself
- The Church posthumously persecute the now dead Hunne for heresy
- Hunnes already lifeless corpse is burned on the stake in 1514
Why is Richard Hunne’s case important?
- It showed a challenge to Church authority, marking the popular dissent for it at the time
- Offered a primer and explanation for popular opinion during the later reformation
What was the 1401 Heresy Act?
- Declared that acts of Heresy would be punishable by being burnt at the stake
- Act was aimed towards Lollards
Who was the 1401 Heresy Act likely aimed towards?
The Lollards
Who was the chief engineer of the English reformation?
Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)
What was Thomas Cromwell’s job in Parliament?
- To ensure that Parliament does what the King wants
What were the Reformation Parliaments?
- A set of Parliaments called in between 1529-1536 tasked with passing the legal framework for the English reformation and the break away from the Papacy in Rome
How does Henry respond to the Pope when summoned to Rome to deal with the divorce issue?
- Henry refuses
In what year did Henry take control of the English clergy?
1532
How did Henry take control of the English clergy?
- He charges all English priests with Praemunire and forces them ALL to switch allegiances from the Pope to him, the King.
- The Church also pays a fine of £180 000 to the King
What was the First Statute of Annates
- Tradition had it that bishops gave 3/4 of their initial year’s salary to the Pope
- Henry BANNED this
- Instead, that 3/4 initial year fee is given to the King
True or False: When Henry married Anne Boleyn, he was not yet divorced with Katherine.
TRUE
In what year did Henry marry Anne Boleyn?
1533
What is the 1553 Act in Restraint of Appeals?
- Prohibits the use of courts outside England
- AKA no more appeals to Rome
What does Henry do after declaring his marriage with Katherine to be invalid in 1553?
- He refuses to let their daughter Mary see her mother ever again
Who is Henry and Anne Boleyn’s daughter?
Elizabeth (Elizabeth I)
What was the 1534 Act of Supremacy?
- Henry gets Parliament to recognize the King as the supreme head of the Church of England (NOT the Pope)
What new power does Henry acquire when he is named head of the Church of England?
- Appointing his own bishops
What was the 1534 act of Succession?
- Henry forced all to recognize Elizabeth as heir to the throne, NOT Mary
Explain the 1534 Treason Act
- Words against the king now count as treason as well
What was the traditional definition of treason?
- An attempt on the King’s life
In which act did Henry dissolve the monasteries?
The 1553 Suppression of Religions Houses Act
The Monasteries had owned __/4th of all arable land in England.
1/4th
How was Henry’s radical reformation successful?
- Henry sold all former monastery lands to all who could afford them
- Now, the people who had bought these lands, did NOT want the Catholic Church to come back and retake their lands
- Therefore, many people shut out Catholicism
How did the dissolution of monasteries allow middle class people to move up their rank?
- Because Henry sold former monastery lands to them
Why do reformists refer to the Pope as the “Bishop of Rome”?
To note his lack of influence over England
What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- Anti-Reformists did an armed march with Catholic iconography (partly as well, for economic hardships)
Who is executed by Henry and is canonized by the Catholic Church?
Sir. Thomas More
Who were the 6 wives of Henry VIII?
Katherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
What was the main criticism of Mary I?
- Identified too much with her Catholic Spanish side
What is predestination?
- The notion that it is already determined even before your birth if you are going to heaven or hell
- A notably Calvinist belief
What are people predestined to go to heaven called?
The Elect
In Protestantism, what gets you salvation?
Faith ALONE
By contrast, in Catholicism, Faith and contributions to your neighbourhood get you to heaven
Was Henry Catholic or Protestant in his core beliefs?
- Henry was surprisingly mostly Catholic in doctrine
- His reforms weren’t done because he was against Catholicism, but because he wanted a divorce
- Essentially, the Church of England is just a Catholic Church ruled by the King instead of the Pope
Explain the 6 articles of faith:
- 1539
- A composition of 6 Catholic beliefs by Henry VIII
- Declared that if these Catholic beliefs be violated, it was punishable by law
- Ex. This forced people to accept transubstantiation
- The Six Articles of Henry VIII were a set of beliefs that reflected the changing views of the King and moved back towards Catholicism:
-The doctrine of transubstantiation
-The view that communion did not require both bread and wine
-The obligation of priests to remain celibate
-The binding nature of vows of chastity
-Private masses
-Auricular confession
What marks the end of Henry’s reformation?
The 6 Articles of Faith
***Why are the 6 Articles of Faith important?
- They mark the end of Henry’s radical reformation
- They prove that Henry was not anti-Catholic in doctrine, but instead, in anti-Pope
Why does Henry accuse Anne Boleyn of treason?
- Anne supposedly had affairs and flirted with men at court
- Anne is accused even of incest with her brother
- But really, Henry just doesn’t like that she keeps having miscarriages after Elizabeth’s birth
Which 2 wives of Henry VIII were executed?
- Anne Boleyn
- Catherine Howard
Why should one never claim innocence at the scaffold?
- Because it makes the King look like he made a wrong decision in front of the public
- The King would thus take revenge on other family members of the victim
Who pushed Jane Seymour forward as Henry VIII’s next marriage option?
Supporters of Katherine of Aragon
Why? Because Anne Boleyn had wrecked Katherine’s marriage with Henry
- Henry marries Jane Seymour 11 days after Boleyn’s execution
With which one of his wives does Henry choose to be buried with?
Jane Seymour
Who does Jane Seymour birth?
- Edward VI
- Jane dies of birth a few days later
Why did Henry want to marry Anne of Cleves?
- He wanted a diplomatically useful marriage this time
- Thomas Cromwell is a Protestant, so he pushes for the Protestant Anne of Cleves
Explain the debacle with Anne of Cleves and Henry:
- Thomas Cromwell sends his best portrait painter to paint Anne of Cleves’s portrait, so Henry could make his decision based on looks
- Henry likes what he sees, so agrees to the marriage
- But when he meets her in person, Anne of Cleves is hideous, and so, Henry annuls the marriage
Who turned out the best out of all of Henry’s wives?
Anne of Cleves
- After the marriage was annulled, she remained in England, living off of a rich pension from Henry himself (almost as if he felt bad for her)
Why is Thomas Cromwell executed?
Henry was super enraged about Cromwell’s insistence that he marry Anne of Cleves
Why was Catherine Howard executed by Henry?
- She had committed adulterous (proven) affairs while married to Henry
- She was executed for contaminating the Royal Bloodline and Treason
Which one of Henry’s wives outlives him in their marriage?
Catherine Parr (his final wife)
Who acted as Lord Protector for the infant Edward VI?
His Uncle, Edward Seymour (Jane’s brother)
Why is the Book of Common Prayer Important?
- Work of Archbishop Cramner
- The first prayer book in ENGLISH, not Latin
- Priests could now marry
What was the Act of Uniformity 1549?
- The uniform enforcing of the Book of Common Prayer
Why are the 42 Articles of Faith important?
- 1552
- Declared that you go to heaven for your FAITH and FAITH ALONE
- Rejected purgatory and transubstantiation
- Reinforced the PROTESTANT reformation of England
What did Edward VI do theologically?
Abolished more Catholic customs and deepened Protestant influence in England
What causes the 1549 Kett’s rebellion?
- Economic hardships
- Anger at the slow progress of the Reformation in the east
- Edward VI’s neglecting of East Anglia
How did Edward VI die?
Tuberculosis (still a child)
What was Henry VIII’s succession will?
- An ordered list of who his successors would be
- Edward VI
- Mary I
- Elizabeth I
Who pushes Lady Jane Grey to the throne and why?
- The Earl of Northumberland, fearing Mary Its Catholicism, pushed Lady Jane Grey to the throne
Who succeeds Edward VI?
Lady Jane Grey
Lady Jane Grey is only queen for ____ days.
9
In which city does Mary I find notable support against Lady Jane Grey?
London
What does Mary I do with Lady Jane Grey?
- Mary spares Jane and puts her in the tower
- But, after Wyatt’s rebellion, Mary is forced to execute her
Who is the first ever English Queen regnant?
Mary I
Name the pro and con of Mary Ist’s rule as seen at the time:
Pro: Legitimate heiress
Con: A Catholic, and a Woman
Why did Mary Ist ultimately fail?
- She played up her Spanish Catholic lineage more than her Tudor one (her mother was Katherine of Aragon)
Who did Mary Ist marry?
Phillip II of Spain
In what ways did Mary bring back Catholicism? (4)
- She repealed the act making her head of the church
- Reinstates the Heresy laws
- Tries to heal the relationship with Rome
- Seeks forgiveness from the Pope
Why is Philip II of Spain unpopular in England?
- His main interest is what England can offer Spain against France
- He doesn’t even want to live in England or rule as English
- He only stayed in England for the first 13 months of the marriages to rally popular support against France
Why was Wyatt’s Rebellion (1554) important?
- Wyatt’s rebellion was an attempt to dethrone Mary and put her half sister, Elizabeth, on the throne
- It showed a dissatisfaction for Catholicism and the foreign mistrust of Phillip II
- Represented the fear among Protestants of Mary’s Catholic ways
- It forces Mary I to finally execute Lady Jane Grey
What seals Mary’s unpopularity in England?
- Mary, at Phillip II’s urging, sent an expedition against France in 1558
- It ends in DISASTER, and they LOSE CALAIS
Which English Queen lost Calais?
Mary Ist
Why was the 1534 Treason Act important?
- It marked a major move towards government control over dissent and dissenters as well as public opinion
